Hélène Carrère d'Encausse
Carrère d'Encausse in 2013
Member of the European Parliament
In office
1994–1999
Member of the Académie Française
In office
1990–2023
1999–2023Perpetual Secretary
Personal details
Born
Hélène Zourabichvili

(1929-07-06)6 July 1929
Paris, France
Died5 August 2023(2023-08-05) (aged 94)
Paris, France
Political partyRally for the Republic
Spouse
Louis Carrère
​
(m. 1952)​
Children3, including Emmanuel and Marina
Parent
  • Georges Zourabichvili (father)
Relatives
Alma mater
ProfessionHistorian
Awards
Academic background
Doctoral advisor
Academic work
DisciplineHistory
Sub-discipline
Institutions
Notable works
  • Decline of an Empire: The Soviet Socialist Republics in Revolt
  • Russia Between Two Worlds

Hélène Carrère d'Encausse (French pronunciation: [elɛn kaʁɛːʁ dɑ̃kos]; née Zourabichvili; 6 July 1929 – 5 August 2023) was a French political historian who specialised in Russian history. From 1999 up until her death in 2023, she served as the Perpetual Secretary of the Académie Française, to which she was first elected in 1990.

Carrère d'Encausse was a member of the European Parliament between 1994 and 1999, representing the Gaullist-conservative party RPR. She was awarded the Lomonosov Gold Medal and Grand Cross with Star of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland in 2008 and 2011, respectively. She was a cousin of Salome Zourabichvili, the current President of Georgia. In 2023 she was awarded the Princess of Asturias Award in Social Sciences.

Early life, family and education

Hélène Zourabichvili was born in the 16th arrondissement of Paris to Georges Zourabichvili, a Georgian émigré, and his German-Russian wife.[1] Her father may have obtained a doctorate in philosophy and economics in Berlin between 1921–1925, where he fled from Georgia after the October Revolution;[2][3] he spoke five languages.[4] The family had lost their property in the October Revolution. After arriving in France, her father initially worked as a cab driver. The family spoke Russian at home, and she learned French at age four.[5]

The family moved to Bordeaux in the autumn of 1940, after the defeat of France and the establishment of the Vichy state. Her father worked as an interpreter for the German occupying forces, initially at the car retailer Malleville et Pigeon.[6] After his dismissal in early 1942 he accepted the offer of one Mariaud, a black market dealer who married a Russian émigrée friend of his wife, to assist the German authorities with the confiscation of Jewish property.[7] He became an earnest collaborationiste on account of his anti-Communist convictions, and would celebrate Christmas in the company of a Nazi officer.[8] After the Liberation of France he shaved his moustache off to avoid recognition. He attended an interrogation with the Deuxième Bureau[9] on 10 September 1944 and discussed the offer of a prison cell as a protection measure. He was abducted by a group of men with submachine guns and disappeared on the same day.[10][4][5][11]

After completing her secondary education at the 16th arrondissement's Lycée Molière,[12] Hélène studied history at the Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po), graduating in 1952.[11] She completed her Doctorat de troisième cycle in 1963[13] and, in 1976, earned a Doctorat ès lettres from Panthéon-Sorbonne University (Paris 1) with a dissertation supervised by Maxime Rodinson and Roger Portal.[1][5][14] She lectured in history at both Sciences Po and the Sorbonne.[1]

Russian scholarship

Carrère d'Encausse with Vladimir Putin in October 2000

Due to her interest in her family history,[5] the bulk of Carrère d'Encausse's work focused on Russia and the Soviet Union. She had over two dozen books published in French, many of which have been translated into English.[15] Her 1978 work L'Empire éclaté (English version, Decline of an Empire: The Soviet Socialist Republics in Revolt)[16] predicted that the Soviet Union was destined to break up along the lines of its 15 constituent republics, although she was incorrect in foreseeing that demographic pressures from the Muslim-majority republics of Central Asia would be the trigger.[17]

In commenting on current Russian affairs, Carrère d'Encausse warned against applying Western yardsticks to Russian democracy and said she regretted the excessive demonisation of the government of Vladimir Putin.[18] Up until the final days before Russia's February 2022 invasion of Ukraine she refused to countenance such an eventuality, although her opinion of Putin changed after the start of hostilities.[19][20]

European and domestic politics

In 1992, Carrère d'Encausse was invited by Culture Minister Jack Lang to chair the committee he had founded to promote a "yes" vote in that year's referendum on the Maastricht Treaty,[21] a task that Lang said she performed with "fervour and enthusiasm".[22]

She was elected as a member of the European Parliament in 1994, representing Jacques Chirac's Gaullist-conservative party Rassemblement pour la République (RPR).[23] During her time in the parliament from 1994 to 1999, she sat first with the European Democratic Alliance and later with the Union for Europe group, and she served as one of the vice-chairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and as a member of the delegation for relations with Russia.[24]

In 2005, she controversially identified polygamy as one of the causes of France's 2005 civil unrest. During an interview given to the Russian television channel NTV, she claimed: "Why can't their parents buy an apartment? It's clear why. Many of these Africans, I tell you, are polygamous. In an apartment, there are three or four wives and 25 children."[25][26] She also said that political correctness on French television was "a nightmare" and was almost comparable to media censorship in Russia.[25]

Académie Française

Carrère d'Encausse was elected to seat 14 of the Académie Française on 13 December 1990,[1] then the third woman,[5] and was elected its Perpetual Secretary on 21 October 1999, making her the first woman to hold its top position.[1][5] Her academician's sword was made by the Franco-Georgian sculptor Goudji.[27][28]

As a member of the Academy, Carrère d'Encausse opposed both the feminisation of language, insisting that she be styled Madame le secrétaire perpétuel, and gender-inclusive language, describing the use of the interpunct to accommodate both genders (as in les auteur·rice·s) as "stupid" because of its impact on the musicality of a text.[29] Her 2020 ruling that Covid be considered a feminine noun was also fiercely criticised, including by fellow members of the Academy.[30]

Personal life

Born stateless, Hélène Zourabichvili acquired French citizenship in 1950.[31] In 1952 she married Louis Édouard Carrère d'Encausse, with whom she had three children: Emmanuel (born 1957), an author, screenwriter and director; Nathalie (1959), a lawyer; and Marina (1961), a physician and broadcast journalist.[32][1][33] Her brother was the composer Nicolas Zourabichvili,[4] and she was a cousin of Salome Zourabichvili, the current President of Georgia.[34]

Carrère d'Encausse died in Paris on 5 August 2023, at age 94.[33] President Emmanuel Macron announced that he would lead a national homage in her honour at the Hôtel des Invalides before the end of the summer.[20][35]

Honours and awards

Honours

Awards

Honorary degrees

Works

Carrère d'Encausse's page on the website of the Académie Française provides the following list of her publications.[28]

  • 1963: Réforme et révolution chez les musulmans de l'Empire russe (Armand Colin)
  • 1966: Le Marxisme et l'Asie (with Stuart R. Schram), 1853–1964 (Armand Colin)
  • 1967: Central Asia, a century of Russian rule, Columbia Univ., réédition 1990 (Duke Univ. publication)
  • 1969: L'URSS et la Chine devant la révolution des sociétés pré-industrielles (avec Stuart R. Schram) (Armand Colin)
  • 1972: L'Union soviétique de Lénine à Staline (Éd. Richelieu), in English: History of the Soviet Union, 1917–1953. (Longman, New York 1981, 1982)
  • 1975: La Politique soviétique au Moyen-Orient, 1955–1975 (Presses de la F.N.S.P.)
  • 1978: L'Empire éclaté : la révolte des nations en URSS (Flammarion), in English: Decline of an Empire: The Soviet Socialist Republics in Revolt. (Newsweek Books, New York 1979)
  • 1979: Lénine, la Révolution et le Pouvoir (Flammarion), in English: Lenin: Revolution and Power. (Longman 1981)
  • 1979: Staline, l'ordre par la terreur (Flammarion), in English: Stalin: Order through Terror. (Longman 1982)
  • 1980: Le Pouvoir confisqué (Flammarion), in English: Confiscated Power: How Soviet Russia Really Works. (Harper and Row, New York 1982)
  • 1982: Le Grand Frère (Flammarion), in English: Big Brother: The Soviet Union and Soviet Europe. (Holmes and Meier, New York 1987)
  • 1985: La déstalinisation commence (Complexe)
  • 1986: Ni paix ni guerre (Flammarion)
  • 1987: Le Grand Défi (Flammarion), in English: The Great Challenge: Nationalities and the Bolshevik State, 1917–1930. (Holmes and Meier 1992)
  • 1988: Le Malheur russe (Fayard), in English: The Russian Syndrome: One Thousand Years of Political Murder (Holmes and Meier 1992)
  • 1990: La Gloire des Nations (Fayard), in English: The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of the Nations. (Basic Books, New York 1993)
  • 1992: Victorieuse Russie (Fayard)
  • 1993: L'URSS, de la Révolution à la mort de Staline (Le Seuil)
  • 1996: Nicolas II, La transition interrompue (Fayard)
  • 1998: Lénine (Fayard)
  • 2000: La Russie inachevée (Fayard)
  • 2002: Catherine II (Fayard)
  • 2003: L'Impératrice et l'abbé : un duel littéraire inédit (Fayard)
  • 2005: L'Empire d'Eurasie (Fayard)
  • 2006: La Deuxième Mort de Staline
  • 2008: Alexandre II. Le printemps de la Russie (Fayard)
  • 2010: La Russie entre deux mondes (Fayard)
  • 2011: Des siècles d'immortalité. L'Académie française 1635-.... (Fayard)
  • 2013: Les Romanov – Une dynastie sous le règne du sang (Fayard)
  • 2015: Six années qui ont changé le monde 1985–1991 – La chute de l'empire soviétique (Fayard)
  • 2017: Le général de Gaulle et la Russie (Fayard)
  • 2019: La Russie et la France (Fayard)
  • 2021: Alexandra Kollontaï. La Walkyrie de la Révolution (Fayard)

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Paoli, Paul-François (5 August 2023). "Décès d'Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, première femme à la tête de l'Académie française". Le Figaro. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  2. ↑ Carrère 2007: "Georges de son côté part faire des études à Berlin. Études d’économie politique, de commerce, de philosophie, ce n’est pas bien clair, et sa correspondance avec sa mère n’éclaircit rien. On ne sait rien de ce qu’il fait, s’il passe ou non ses examens, elle le lui reproche, et ça le rend encore plus évasif. ... Je ne sais toujours pas bien quels diplômes il a obtenus en Allemagne, mais quels qu’ils soient ils n’ont pas cours en France, en sorte qu’il est réduit à des petits métiers."
  3. ↑ "Hélène Carrère d'Encausse". Munzinger Archiv (in German). 2000. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 Catinchi, Philippe-Jean (7 August 2023). "Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, first woman to head the Académie Française, has died". Le Monde. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Schmid, Ulrich (6 August 2023). "Die Erste im Kreis der Unsterblichen". FAZ (in German). Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  6. ↑ Carrère 2007: "...ce garage, le garage Malleville et Pigeon, travaillait essentiellement pour l’occupant – comme à vrai dire la plupart des garages – et on l’avait engagé pour la correspondance en allemand. Pour la première fois, sa connaissance des langues lui servait."
  7. ↑ Carrère 2007: "Il était interprète, et pour les services économiques, pas pour la police. Cela exclut, je pense, toute participation à des interrogatoires musclés. Mais, même dans un bureau où on ne se salissait pas les mains, il n’a pu éviter de savoir ce qui arrivait à ces Juifs dont les services où il travaillait confisquaient les biens."
  8. ↑ Carrère 2007: "[I]l respectait les Allemands. Méprisait les démocraties occidentales qui n’avaient rien fait quand les bolcheviks avaient envahi son pays natal. Pensait sincèrement qu’Hitler montrait à l’Europe, entre corruption parlementaire et terreur communiste, la voie d’une renaissance. En collaborant, il agissait par conviction, non par opportunisme ... Il existe une photo d’un repas de Noël avec, à la table familiale, un officier allemand en uniforme, l’air débonnaire."
  9. ↑ The Second Bureau continued its counterespionage activities under the Vichy regime, which included surveillance of collaborationists and the underworld. Like the other secret services, it was highly concerned with countering German influence despite the occupation, although it could no longer execute German spies after 1942. Kitson 2008, p. 103, 159–162.
  10. ↑ Carrère 2007: "Rentré à Bordeaux le soir même, il se serait rendu au 2e Bureau, où un officier l’aurait interrogé sur ses activités et pour finir muni d’un blanc-seing, tout en l’avertissant du risque qu’il courait en se promenant en ville durant ces jours troublés. Il lui aurait conseillé de se faire oublier quelque temps dans un endroit tranquille, et l’endroit le plus tranquille qu’il pouvait pour sa part lui proposer, c’était la prison où il lui offrait une place. Mon grand-père aurait accepté, mais voulu d’abord repasser chez lui prendre quelques affaires. Un ami qui l’accompagnait et de qui la famille tient ce récit a tenté de l’en dissuader, craignant que des voisins l’aient dénoncé, mais il y est tout de même allé. Des hommes armés de mitraillettes l’attendaient – ou ont été appelés quand les voisins dénonciateurs l’ont vu dans la maison. Ils l’ont arrêté, fait monter avec eux dans leur traction avant et à partir de ce moment, dans l’après-midi du 10 septembre 1944, on ne l’a plus revu."
  11. 1 2 Tolstoï, Grégoire (8 August 2023). "Immortelle Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, un Pont entre Orient et Occident". Culturius. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  12. ↑ Pommier, Juliette (5 August 2023). "L'historienne Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, première femme élue à la tête de l'Académie française, est morte à l'âge de 94 ans". FranceInfro: Culture. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  13. ↑ Carrere d'Encausse, Hélène (1963). "Bukhara : de la réforme à la révolution : recherches sur le gadidisme à Bukhara". SUDOC.
  14. ↑ Carrère d'Encausse, Hélène (1976). "Bolchevisme et nations : des débats théoriques à la consolidation d'un État multinational, 1917–1929". SUDOC.
  15. ↑ "Carrère d'Encausse, Hélène: Writings". encyclopedia.com.
  16. ↑ Newsweek Books, 1979, ISBN 9780882252803
  17. ↑ Monluçon, Anne-Marie; Saignes, Anna; Salha, Agathe (15 May 2012). "La chute de l'URSS : une fin d'Empire". Recherches & Travaux (80). doi:10.4000/recherchestravaux.498.
  18. ↑ de Villers, Vincent Tremolet (16 March 2018). "Il ne faut pas juger le pouvoir autoritaire de Poutine à l'aune de nos seuls critères". Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 27 October 2018.
  19. ↑ Mahler, Thomas (24 February 2022). "Guerre en Ukraine : ces "experts" qui assuraient que Poutine n'attaquerait pas". L'Express. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  20. 1 2 "Vladimir Poutine espère que «l'héritage» d'Hélène Carrère d'Encausse aidera à améliorer les relations Russie-France". Europe 1 with AFP. 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  21. ↑ Lesegretain, Claire (25 August 2006). "Portrait : Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, une passionnée lucide". La Croix. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  22. ↑ Lang, Jack (6 August 2023). "#helenecarreredencausse". Facebook. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  23. ↑ "La préparation des élections européennes Mme Carrère d'Encausse représentera le RPR derrière M. Baudis". Le Monde.fr (in French). 28 April 1994. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  24. ↑ "Fourth parliamentary term: Hélène CARRÈRE D'ENCAUSSE". European Parliament. 6 July 1929. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  25. 1 2 Millot, Lorraine (15 November 2005). "Banlieues : «Beaucoup de ces Africains sont polygames...» selon Hélène Carrère d'Encausse". Libération. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  26. ↑ Sciolino, Elaine (18 November 2005). "Immigrant Polygamy Is a Factor in French Unrest, a Gaullist Says". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  27. ↑ "Goudji et les épées d'académiciens". Canal Académies. 8 June 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Hélène Carrère d'Encausse". Académie française (in French). Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  29. ↑ "«Iel» dans le Robert : «un coup de pub» pour Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, de l'Académie française". Le Parisien. 23 February 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  30. ↑ Martel, Frédéric (1 November 2020). "À l'Académie française on refuse toujours la féminisation des mots… sauf pour "la" Covid". Radio France / France Culture. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  31. ↑ "Mort de l'académicienne Hélène Carrère d'Encausse à l'âge de 94 ans". Reuters. 6 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  32. ↑ Martin, Thomas (6 August 2023). "Mort d'Hélène Carrère d'Encausse à Paris : qui sont ses trois enfants ?". actu.fr. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  33. 1 2 "Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, grande figure de la culture française, est morte". Le Point. 5 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  34. ↑ "Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, petite fille du Caucase devenue Secrétaire perpétuel de l'Académie française". Radio France / France Culture. 16 October 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  35. ↑ "Disparition d'Hélène Carrère d'Encausse". elysee.fr. 6 August 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  36. ↑ Hélène Carrère d'Encausse dialoguefrancorusse.com
  37. ↑ Launet, Edouard (5 August 2023). "La croix et la vivandière". Libération (in French). Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  38. ↑ "Hélène Carrère d'Encausse grand'croix de la Légion d'honneur". Franceinfo (in French). 10 December 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  39. ↑ Sovereign Ordonnance n° 14.274 du 18 Novembre 1999 portant promotions Archived 29 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Legimonaco.mc (in French). Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  40. ↑ Dorman, Veronika (5 August 2023). "Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, la compagne de Russie". Libération (in French). Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  41. ↑ "Hélène Carrère d'Encausse Premio Princesa de Asturias de Ciencias Sociales 2023". 10 May 2023.
  42. ↑ "S.E.P : Société d'encouragement au Progrès".
  43. ↑ "Большая золотая медаль РАН имени М.В. Ломоносова".
  44. ↑ "ისტორიკოსი ელენ კარერ დ'ანკოსი (ზურაბიშვილი) 94 წლის ასაკში გარდაიცვალა" [Historian Hélène Carrère d'Encausse (Zourabichvili) died at the age of 94]. tabula.ge (in Georgian). 8 August 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  45. 1 2 3 "Foire du livre de Brive".
  46. ↑ "Prix littéraires". Le Monde.fr. 12 July 1997.
  47. ↑ "Le prix Aujourd'hui à Hélène Carrère d'Encausse". Le Monde.fr. 8 November 1978.
  48. ↑ "Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, Docteure Honoris Causa". 2004.
  49. ↑ "Docteurs honoris causa depuis 1951".
  50. ↑ "Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, Doctorat honoris causa ès lettres".
  51. ↑ "L'USJ honore quatre grandes personnalités pour leurs carrières". 18 June 2016.

Bibliography

  • Carrère, Emmanuel (2007), Un roman russe, Paris: P.O.L (fr), ISBN 9782846821827
  • Kitson, Simon (2008), The Hunt for Nazi Spies: Fighting Espionage in Vichy France, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-43893-1
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