Indonesian and (Malaysian) Malay are two standardised varieties of the Malay language, the former used officially in Indonesia (and in Timor Leste as a working language) and the latter in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore. Both varieties are generally mutually intelligible, yet there are noticeable differences in spelling, grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary, as well as the predominant source of loanwords.[1][2][3] The differences can range from those mutually unintelligible with one another, to those having a closer familial resemblance. The regionalised and localised varieties of Malay can become a catalyst for intercultural conflict, especially in higher education.[4][5][6]
Perception
To non-native speakers the two varieties may seem identical, but to native speakers the differences are noticeable through both diction and accent. They affect the broadcasting industry with regard to foreign language subtitling, for example, in DVD movies and on cable TV. In order to reach a wider audience, both Indonesian and Malay subtitles are sometimes displayed in a movie, along with other language subtitles. Another example is Malaysian TV providing Malay subtitling on Indonesian sinetrons (TV dramas) aired in Malaysia[7] (but, in Malaysian and Bruniean languages is "teledrama"), and vice versa.[8]
The Malay language in Indonesia and Malaysia also differs in recognition, where in Malaysia it enjoys status as the national language (Malaysian language),[9] while in Indonesia it is considered a regional language in Malay-speaking areas such as the eastern coast of Sumatra and West Kalimantan.[10][11] The term "Malay language" (Bahasa Melayu) in Indonesia and Malaysia invites different perceptions from its respective people.[12] To Malaysians, the Malay language is generally understood as the national language of Malaysia, with Malaysian language (Bahasa Malaysia) being a precise appellation for the Malay variety used in the country.[13] Between 1986 and 2007, the term Bahasa Melayu was used instead of Bahasa Malaysia, until the latter was reinstated, in order to instill a sense of belonging among Malaysians of all races, rather than just Malays.[14][15] Therefore, there was no clear distinction between the use of the term Malay (Bahasa Melayu) and the national language of Malaysia (Bahasa Malaysia). In Brunei, where Malay is also an official language, the language is known as Bahasa Melayu and in English as "Malay".[16]
In Indonesia, however, there is a clear distinction between "Malay language" (bahasa Melayu) and "Indonesian" (bahasa Indonesia). Indonesian is the national language which serves as the unifying language of Indonesia; despite being a standardized form of Malay, it is not referred to with the term "Malay" in common parlance.[17] The term "Malay" is usually reserved for the forms of Malay indigenous to the Malay ethnic group (the national standardized language of Malaysia and the non-standard idioms of Malay people, including those used by Malay Indonesians). Thus, "Malay" is considered a regional language (bahasa daerah) in Indonesia, enjoying the same status as Javanese, Sundanese, Buginese, Balinese, Batak languages and others.[18] Moreover, to some Indonesians, the term "Malay" is more often associated with Malaysia and the Malaysian variety of Malay.[19]
In Malaysia, the terms "Indonesian Malay" and "Malaysian Malay" are sometimes used for Indonesian and Malay as spoken in Malaysia. In Indonesia, "Indonesian Malay" usually refers to the vernacular varieties of Malay spoken by the Malay peoples of Indonesia, that is, to Malay as a regional language in Sumatra, though it is rarely used.[20] Bahasa Malaysia and Bahasa Melayu are used interchangeably in reference to Malay in Malaysia.
Malay was designated as a national language by the Singaporean government after independence from Britain in the 1960s to avoid friction with Singapore's Malay-speaking neighbours of Malaysia and Indonesia.[21] It has a symbolic, rather than functional purpose.[22][23] It is used in the national anthem "Majulah Singapura",[24] in citations of Singaporean orders and decorations and in military commands.[25] Singaporean Malay is officially written in the Latin-based Rumi script, though some Singaporean Malays also learn the Arabic-based Jawi script.[26] Jawi is considered an ethnic script for use on Singaporean identity cards.[27]
Orthography
Before the 20th century, Malay was written in a local modified form of the Arabic alphabet known as Jawi. During the 20th century, Malay written with Roman letters, known as Rumi, almost completely replaced Jawi in everyday life. The romanisations originally used in British Malaya (now part of Malaysia) and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) reflected their history as British and Dutch colonial possessions respectively. In British Malaya, the romanisation of Malay, devised by Richard Wilkinson[28] was influenced by English, whereas in the Dutch East Indies, the system devised by C. A. Van Ophuijsen was influenced by Dutch.[29] As a result, in Indonesia, the vowel [u] was formerly represented oe, as in Dutch, although the official spelling of this sound was changed to u in 1947 when the Republican Spelling System was used.[30]
Similarly, until 1972, [tʃ] was represented in Malaysia as ch, whereas in Indonesia, it continued to follow Dutch and used tj. Hence the word for 'grandchild' used to be written as chuchu in Malaysia and tjoetjoe in Indonesia, until a unified spelling system was introduced in 1972 (known in Indonesia as Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan or the 'Perfected Spelling') which removed most differences between the two varieties: Malay ch and Indonesian tj became c: hence cucu.[31] Indonesia abandoned the spelling dj [dʒ] to conform to the j already in use in Malaysia, while the old Indonesian j for the semivowel [j] was replaced with y as in Malaysia. Likewise, the velar fricative [x] which occurs in many Arabic loanwords, which used to be written 'ch' in Indonesian, became kh in both languages.[31] However, oe was retained in some proper names, such as the name of the former vice-president, Boediono or former minister Mohammad Roem. The ch and dj letter combinations are still encountered in names such as Achmad and Djojo (pronounced as Akhmad and Joyo respectively), although the post-1972 spelling is now favoured.
One notable difference in punctuation between the two languages is the use of different decimal marks; Indonesian, influenced by Dutch, uses the decimal comma,[32] whereas Malay, influenced by English, uses the decimal point.[33] A glossary of Information Technology terminology, available in English, Indonesian, and Malay, was published to facilitate the comparison and comprehension of language variations among individuals in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei who are seeking assistance and information online.[34]
Pronunciation
Pronunciation also tends to be very different, with East Malaysia, Standard Singapore, and Indonesia pronouncing words in a form called Bahasa Baku,[35] where the words are pronounced as spelled.[36] Moreover, enunciation tends to be clipped, staccato and faster than on the Malay Peninsula, which is spoken at a more languorous pace. Many vowels are pronounced (and were formerly spelt) differently in Peninsular Malaysia, Colloquial Singapore, and Riau Sumatra: tujuh is pronounced (and was spelt) tujoh, pilih as pileh, etc., and many final a's tend to be pronounced as schwas; [e] and [o] are also allophones of /i/ and /u/ in closed final syllables in peninsular Malaysian, Colloquial Singaporean and Riau Sumatran varieties of Malay; These pronunciation rules is known as Johor-Riau pronunciation.[37][38]
| Example | Johor-Riau (Piawai)
Pronunciation |
Northern Peninsular
Pronunciation |
Baku & Indonesian
Pronunciation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ⟨a⟩ in final open syllable | ⟨kereta⟩ | /ə/ | /a/ | /a/ |
| ⟨i⟩ in final closed syllable with final ⟨n⟩ and ⟨ng⟩ | ⟨kambing⟩ | /e/ | /i/ | /i/ |
| ⟨i⟩ in final closed syllable with other final consonants | ⟨itik⟩ | /e/ | /e/ | /i/ |
| ⟨u⟩ in final closed syllable with final ⟨n⟩ and ⟨ng⟩ | ⟨tahun⟩ | /o/ | /u/ | /u/ |
| ⟨u⟩ in final closed syllable with other final consonants | ⟨lumpur⟩ | /o/ | /o/ | /u/ |
| final ⟨r⟩ | ⟨lumpur⟩ | silent | /r/ | /r/ |
Vocabulary
Loanword source differences
Indonesian and Malaysian Malay both differ in the forms of loanwords used due to division of the Malay Archipelago by the Dutch and the British and their long-lasting colonial influences, as a consequence of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824: Indonesian absorbed primarily Dutch loanwords whereas Malaysian Malay absorbed primarily English words. Pronunciation of certain loanwords in Malaysian Malay follows English, while in Indonesian it follows Dutch, for example Malay "televisyen" (from English: television) and Indonesian "televisi" (from Dutch: televisie); the "-syen" and "-si" also prevail in some other words, though "-si" has become more preferred in Malay of late.
Malaysian Malay has also experienced significant conservative pushback as precedent entities that existed within the British sphere made efforts to create words that would fit naturally foreign ideas of governance and thought through a Malay-oriented context. The Pakatan Belajar Mengajar Pengetahuan Bahasa in Johore headed by Abdul Rahman Andak during the 19th century was especially important in introducing neologisms like pejabat ("office", cf. Indonesian kantor from kantoor) and setiausaha ("secretary", cf. Indo sekretaris from Dutch: secretaris) into the Malay lexicon.[40] For example, the word for 'post office' in Malaysia is "pejabat pos" (in Indonesia this means 'post officer'), whereas in Indonesia it is "kantor pos".
There are also some Portuguese influences: in Indonesia, Christmas is known as "Natal", whereas Malaysia uses both "Natal" and "Krismas", the latter derived from English. There are also instances where the Malaysian Malay version derives from English pronunciation while the Indonesian version takes its cue from Latin. The Latin preference of the (older) Indonesian intellectuals in these instances may be ascribed to the influence of their classical-oriented education when Gymnasium schools were established during the Dutch colonial period: compare Malaysian Malay kualiti, kuantiti, majoriti, minoriti and universiti with Indonesian kualitas, kuantitas, mayoritas, minoritas and universitas.
Some words which are spelt the same in both languages may even carry entirely different meanings in the other language, potentially leading to humorous or embarrassing situations: while baja means "steel" in Indonesian, in Malaysian Malay it means "fertiliser". Also, whereas the Indonesian word butuh (from Sundanese ᮘᮥᮒᮥᮂ butuh) means "require" or "need", in Malay, it is a vulgar slang term equivalent to "cunt/cock". Conversely, where the word "banci" seems innocuous enough in Malaysia ("census"), in Indonesia it is a derogatory term for "transvestite".
The relatively large share of Islamic (Arabic or Persian) loan words shared by Malaysian Malay and Indonesian often poses no difficulty in comprehension and usage, although some forms may have developed a (slightly) different meaning or have become obsolete either in Malaysian Malay or in Indonesian, e.g. khidmat, wakil (see below).
Word derivation and compounds
Indonesian and Malaysian Malay have similar derivation and compounds rule. However, there is difference on quasi-past participle or participle-like adjective when attached to a noun or verb. Malaysian Malay uses prefix ber- to denote such, while Indonesian uses prefix ter- to do so. It is important to note that prefix ber- can denote several other meanings.
| English | (Malaysian) Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| registered (having had one's name added to an official list or entered into a register) | berdaftar | terdaftar |
| local | tempatan | setempat |
| location | kedudukan (means "position" in Indonesian) | lokasi |
| logging | pembalakan | penebangan |
| honorable | berhormat | terhormat |
| written (having been written) | bertulis | tertulis |
Vocabulary comparison
A
| English | (Malaysian) Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| abolition | pemansuhan (from Arabic, المنسوخ) | 1. abolisi (From Dutch pronunciation of abolitie), 2. penghapusan |
| abortion | pengguguran | 1. aborsi (From Dutch pronunciation of abortie), 2. pengguguran (of a fetus) |
| Abrahamic religions | Agama Samawi, Agama Ibrahimik, Agama Ibrahimiah |
Agama Abrahamik, Agama Samawi, Agama Ibrahimiah |
| abroad | luar negara | luar negeri |
| absolute monarchy | kerajaan mutlak | monarki absolut, monarki mutlak, kerajaan mutlak |
| academic degree | ijazah akademik | gelar akademik |
| academic discipline | disiplin akademik | disiplin akademik, disiplin ilmiah |
| acceleration | pecutan | percepatan, akselerasi |
| accelerator | pemecut | pemercepat, akselerator |
| accessibility | 1. kebolehcapaian, 2. ketercapaian |
1. keterjangkauan, 2. ketercapaian, 3. aksesibilitas (from Late Latin, accessibilitas), 4. keteraksesan |
| accident | kemalangan | kecelakaan |
| account (bank, bills) | akaun | 1. rekening (from Dutch – used in banks and hotels), 2. akun (used for all meanings of account apart from bank account) |
| accountability | kebertanggungjawapan, akauntabliti |
akuntabilitas, pertanggungjawaban |
| accountant | akauntan | akuntan |
| accounting | perakaunan | 1. akuntansi, 2. perakunan |
| accumulator (energy) | penumpuk | aki (from Dutch, accu), akumulator |
| accurate | tepat | 1. tepat, 2. akurat (from Dutch, accuraat) |
| acetic acid | asid asetik | asam asetat |
| acid | asid | asam |
| acidification | pengasidan | pengasaman, peningkatan keasaman, asidifikasi |
| acid rain | hujan asid | hujan asam |
| acute angle | sudut tirus | sudut lancip |
| adhesive tape | pita pelekat | selotip, isolasi, pita perekat |
| adjective | adjektif, kata sifat | adjektiva (from Latin, adjectiva), kata sifat |
| administration | pentadbiran (from Arabic, تدبير) | administrasi (from Dutch, administratie), tata usaha |
| adventure | pengembaraan (means "wandering" in Indonesian) | petualangan, avontur (from Dutch) (rare) |
| adventurer | pengembara (means "wanderer" in Indonesian) | petualang, avonturir (from Dutch) (rare) |
| adverb | adverba, kata keterangan | adverbia (from Latin, adverbia), kata keterangan |
| advertisement | iklan (from Arabic, إعلان) | 1. iklan, 2. pariwara (from Javanese), 3. reklame (from Dutch), 4. advertensi (from Dutch) (rare) |
| after | 1. selepas, 2. setelah |
1. setelah (also used in Malay to indicate consecutive actions), 2. sesudah, 3. selepas, 4. sehabis, 5. seusai |
| afternoon | petang | 1. sore, 2. petang |
| agent | 1. ejen, 2. agen |
agen (from Dutch, agent) |
| Age of Enlightenment | Zaman Pencerahan | Abad Pencerahan, Zaman Pencerahan |
| air force | tentera udara | angkatan udara |
| aircraft hijacking | perampasan pesawat | pembajakan pesawat |
| airliner | kapal terbang penumpang | pesawat penumpang sipil |
| airplane | kapal terbang | pesawat terbang |
| airport | lapangan terbang ('airfield' in Indonesian; similar to Dutch vliegveld) | bandar udara (loan translation of the Dutch term luchthaven, commonly abbreviated as bandara), pelabuhan udara (pelud), landasan udara (lanud), lapangan terbang |
| airport lounge | lobi lapangan terbang | ruang tunggu bandar udara |
| air traffic control | kawalan lalu lintas udara | pemandu lalu lintas udara |
| air traffic controller | pengawal lalu lintas udara | pengawas lalu lintas udara |
| alarm | penggera | jam beker (from Dutch, wekker), jam weker (nonstandard), alarm |
| Alexandria | Iskandariah (from Arabic, الإسكندرية) | Aleksandria, Iskandariah |
| algebra | algebra | aljabar (from Arabic, الجبر) |
| Algeria | Algeria | Aljazair (from Arabic: al-Jazā'ir – الجزائر) |
| Algiers | Algiers | Aljir |
| alliance | perikatan, persekutuan, pakatan | aliansi (influenced by Dutch alliantie), persekutuan |
| allowance | elaun | tunjangan |
| alloy | pancalogam, aloi |
logam paduan, logam campuran, aloi, lakur |
| anchovy | ikan bilis | ikan teri, ikan bilis (less common) |
| almond | badam (from Persian, بادام) | almon, badam (from Persian) |
| ambush | serang hendap | penyergapan |
| Andorra | Andorra | Andora |
| animal | haiwan (from Arabic, حيوان), binatang | hewan (from Arabic), binatang, satwa (from Sanskrit) |
| animal fat | lemak haiwan (from Arabic, حيوان) | lemak hewani (from Arabic, حيواني) |
| animal husbandry | penternakan | 1. peternakan, 2. penernakan |
| anxiety | keresahan, kegelisahan | kecemasan, kegelisahan |
| apartment | pangsapuri, rumah pangsa, rumah kondo (only for 'condominium') |
apartemen (influenced by Dutch appartement), rumah susun (rusun) (public housing for poor families), kondominium |
| apple | epal | apel |
| apricot | aprikot | aprikot, abrikos (from Dutch abrikoos) (obsolete) |
| appeal (legal) | rayuan (means "seduction" in Indonesian) | banding, apel (rare) |
| appellate court | mahkamah rayuan | pengadilan tingkat banding, pengadilan tinggi (PT) |
| application (software) | perisian penggunaan, aplikasi | aplikasi (from Dutch applicatie) |
| applied science | sains gunaan | ilmu terapan |
| apron | apron | celemek (from Javanese) |
| aquaculture | akuakultur | budi daya perairan, akuakultur |
| architect | arkitek | arsitek (from pronunciation of Dutch architect) |
| architecture | seni bina | 1. arsitektur (influenced by Dutch architectuur), 2. seni bangunan |
| archive | arkib | arsip (from Dutch archief) |
| area | kawasan | daerah (from Arabic, دائرة), area, kawasan |
| Arenga pinnata | kabung | enau, aren |
| arithmetic | aritmetik | aritmetika |
| arm wrestling | gusti tangan | panco, gulat lengan |
| armed forces | tentera | tentara, angkatan bersenjata |
| army | tentera darat | angkatan darat |
| ashtray | tempat abu rokok | asbak (from Dutch, asbakje) |
| astronomer | ahli astronomi | astronom, ahli astronomi |
| arithmetic progression | janjang aritmetik | barisan dan deret aritmetika |
| artistic gymnastics | gimnastik artistik | senam artistik |
| assembly | perhimpunan (from the root verb 'himpun' meaning 'to gather/assemble') | majelis (from Arabic, مجلس), himpunan, perhimpunan |
| assets | aset | harta, aset, aktiva (from Dutch activa) |
| assassination | pembunuhan orang ternama | asasinasi, pembunuhan rahasia |
| association | persatuan | asosiasi (from Dutch associatie), persatuan, perhimpunan, perkumpulan |
| assumption | andaian, anggapan |
asumsi, anggapan, dugaan |
| article (publishing) | rencana (means "plan" in Indonesian) | artikel |
| astronaut | angkasawan | astronaut, antariksawan |
| Athens | Athens | Athena (influenced by Dutch Athene or from native Greek Athina) |
| athletics (sport) | olahraga ('sport' in Indonesian) | atletik |
| auction | lelong from Portuguese leilão | lelang also from Portuguese leilão |
| August | Ogos | Agustus from Dutch augustus |
| auntie | makcik (also used in Riau Malay dialect in Indonesia), emak saudara, ibu saudara |
bibi, tante (from Dutch) |
| autobiography | autobiografi | autobiografi, otobiografi is a nonstandard form, swariwayat (less common), riwayat diri |
| automated teller machine (ATM) or cash dispenser[41] | mesin juruwang automatik | anjungan tunai mandiri (ATM) |
| automatic | automatik (formerly otomatik) | otomatis (derived from Dutch pronunciation of automatisch) |
| autopsy | autopsi, bedah siasat | autopsi, otopsi (nonstandard), bedah mayat |
| auto racing | perlumbaan auto | balap mobil |
| autonomy | autonomi | otonomi, swatantra, swapraja (self-governing) |
| autumn | musim luruh | musim gugur |
| awkward | janggal, kekok (of gesture) |
aneh, janggal, canggung, kikuk (of gesture) |
| axiom | aksiom | aksioma |
| avocado | avokado | alpukat |
B
| English | (Malaysian) Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| backpack | beg sandang (lit. "sling bag") | ransel (from Dutch), tas punggung |
| backstage (of a theater or studio) | belakang pentas | belakang panggung, belakang layar (lit. "back screen/behind the screen") |
| bacteria | bakteria | bakteri |
| badminton | badminton | 1. bulu tangkis (means "shuttlecock" in Malay), 2. badminton, 3. tepuk bulu |
| bag | beg | 1. tas (from Dutch), 2. kantong (e.g. kantong plastik "plastic bag", kantong belanja "shopping bag", kantong kertas "paper bag") |
| baking | membakar (means burn in Indonesian) | memanggang |
| baking powder | serbuk penaik | bubuk pengembang |
| balloon | belon | balon |
| Ballpoint pen | pen mata bola | bolpoin |
| Baozi | pau | bakpao |
| band (rock and pop) | kugiran (portmanteau for "kumpulan gitar rancak" (lit. lively guitar group)) | grup musik |
| bankrupt | bankrap, muflis (from Arabic, مفلس) | bangkrut, pailit (from Dutch), gulung tikar |
| bankruptcy | kebankrapan, kemuflisan (from Arabic, مفلس) | kebangkrutan, kepailitan (from Dutch) |
| baseball | besbol | bisbol |
| baseband | jalur asas | pita dasar |
| basin (wash basin/sink) | besen | wastafel (from Dutch, lit. washing table) |
| basket (ball) | bola keranjang (means "korfball" in Indonesian) | bola basket |
| basket (general) | bakul | 1. keranjang, 2. bakul[42] |
| bathroom | bilik air | kamar mandi |
| bathtub | tab mandi,[43] takung mandi[43] | bak mandi[44] |
| batter (cooking) | bater | adonan cair, adonan encer |
| battery | bateri | baterai |
| beaker (laboratory equipment) | bikar | gelas piala, gelas beker |
| because | kerana (from Sanskrit, कारण), sebab (from Arabic, سبب) |
karena, sebab, gara-gara, lantaran (nonstandard) |
| bed | katil | 1. tempat tidur, 2. ranjang |
| bedcover | cadar (from Persian, چادر) (means niqab in Indonesian) | seprai (from Dutch, sprei) |
| beef | daging lembu | daging sapi |
| behind the scene | di sebalik tabir | di balik layar |
| Belgium | Belgium | Belgia (influenced by Dutch België) |
| Belgrade | Belgrade | Beograd (influenced by Serbian Београд) |
| belt | tali pinggang | sabuk, ikat pinggang |
| benchmark | penanda aras | tolok ukur, patokan, acuan |
| benchmark interest rate | kadar faedah rujukan | suku bunga acuan |
| bend | selekoh | tikungan |
| Bible | kitab Bible, Injil (from Arabic, الإنجيل) |
Alkitab (from Arabic, الكتاب), Bibel (from Dutch), Kitab Injil (from Arabic) |
| bibliography | bibliografi | daftar pustaka, bibliografi |
| bicycle | basikal | sepeda (influenced by French velocipede) |
| bill | bil | tagihan |
| bill (legislation) | rang undang-undang | rancangan undang-undang (RUU), legislasi |
| billboard | papan iklan | baliho (supposedly from English ballyhoo (in English it means extravagant publicity or fuss)) papan iklan, papan reklame from Dutch reclame (advertisement) |
| billion | seribu juta, bilion | miliar (from Dutch miljard), milyar (informal but frequently used) |
| binary | perduaan | biner (from Dutch binaire), (bilangan) berbasis dua, (bilangan) serba dua, (bilangan) berdasar dua, perduaan (rare) |
| biodiversity | 1. biokepelbagaian, 2. biodiversiti |
1. keanekaragaman hayati, 2. keragaman hayati, 3. keanekaragaman biologis, 4. biodiversitas |
| biofuel | bahan api bio | bahan bakar hayati |
| biomass | biojisim | biomassa |
| birthday | hari jadi, hari lahir |
ulang tahun (ultah), hari lahir (harlah), hari ulang tahun (HUT) |
| bishop | biskop, uskup |
uskup (from Arabic أُسْقُف) |
| black hole | lohong hitam | lubang hitam |
| black pepper | lada hitam | lada, merica |
| blender | pengisar | blender, pelumat |
| blizzard | ribut salji | badai salju |
| blueberry | beri biru | bluberi, beri biru |
| blouse | blaus | blus |
| board (company) | lembaga ('institution' in Indonesian) | dewan (from Persian, دیوان) |
| bok choy | bok choy | pakcoi, pakcoy |
| bolster | bantal peluk | guling |
| bolt (fastener) | bolt | baut (from Dutch) |
| border | sempadan | 1. perbatasan 2. sempadan (used as setback for land use) |
| bonnet, hood (of a car) | bonet, bumbung, hud |
kap (from Dutch) |
| boot, trunk (of a car) | but | bagasi (from Dutch baggage) |
| Borneo | Borneo | 1. Kalimantan, 2. Borneo |
| boulevard | lebuh hias, boulevard |
adimarga, marga raya, bulevar |
| bowling | boling | boling, bola gelinding |
| boyfriend | teman lelaki (means boy friend in Indonesian) | pacar laki-laki, cowok (slang) (also means boy in Indonesian) |
| brace | pendakap gigi | kawat gigi, behel (from Dutch, beugel) |
| braising | menumis reneh | menyemur (from Dutch, smoren) |
| brake | brek | rem (from Dutch) |
| brand | jenama | merek, jenama (less common) |
| brass | loyang (means baking dish in Indonesian) | kuningan |
| Brazil | Brazil | Brasil |
| bread crumbs | serbuk roti | tepung roti, remah roti |
| bribery | rasuah (from Arabic, رشوة) | penyuapan, penyogokan |
| briefcase | beg bimbit[45] | tas kerja,[44] tas kantor[46] |
| Britain | Britain | Britania (from Latin: Britannia) |
| brown | perang (equivalent term in Indonesian is "pirang" means "blonde"), coklat | cokelat |
| bruise | lebam | memar, lebam |
| Brussels | Brussels | Brussel (influenced by Dutch spelling) |
| Bucharest | Bucharest | Bukares |
| bucket; pail | baldi (from Portuguese, balde) | 1. ember (from Dutch emmer), 2. timba |
| budget | belanjawan, bajet |
anggaran, anggaran belanja, bujet |
| buffet | bufet, jamuan berselerak | prasmanan (from Dutch, Fransman (“Frenchman”) as influenced by service à la française (literally, service in the French style), bufet |
| bulldozer | buldozer, jentolak a portmanteau for "jentera tolak" (lit. pushing machinery) | buldoser, mesin penggusur |
| bullying | pembulian | perundungan, perisakan, pembulian |
| bungee jumping | terjun lelabah | terjun lenting |
| bunsen burner | penunu bunsen | pembakar bunsen |
| burglary | pecah rumah | perampokan, pencurian, penggarongan |
| burn | lecur | luka bakar |
| bus | bas | bus, bis nonstandard, influenced by Dutch pronunciation |
| bus station | stesen bas | terminal bus (frequently pronounced as terminal bis as it is derived from Dutch pronunciation of bus) |
| bus stop | perhentian bas | 1. pemberhentian bus, 2. halte bus (from Dutch bushalte) |
| business | perniagaan, bisnes |
1. bisnis, 2. usaha (also means "effort" in Indonesian), 3. perniagaan or niaga (less commonly used) |
| business administration | pentadbiran perniagaan | 1. administrasi bisnis, 2. administrasi niaga |
| butterfat | lemak mentega | lemak susu |
| button | butang (from Portuguese botão) | tombol, kancing (of shirt), kenop |
C
| English | (Malaysian) Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| cabbage | kubis (from Portuguese, couves) | kubis, kol (from Dutch, kool) |
| Cairo | Kaherah (from Arabic, القاهرة) | Kairo (from Dutch Cairo) |
| cake | kek | kue (from Hokkien), bolu (from Portuguese), keik (from English) |
| calculation | pengiraan | penghitungan, kalkulasi |
| calculator | kalkulator, mesin kira | mesin hitung, kalkulator |
| Calendar | kalendar, takwim (from Arabic, تقويم) | kalender, penanggalan |
| Calendar date | tarikh (from Arabic, تاريخ) | tanggal |
| Cambodia | Kemboja | Kamboja |
| Cameroon | Cameroon | Kamerun (from Dutch Kameroen) |
| camp | kem | kamp (reflects Dutch pronunciation) |
| campfire | unggun api | api unggun |
| campaign | kempen | kampanye (from Dutch campagne (a French loanword)) |
| can (to be able) | boleh (means "permit" in Indonesia), dapat |
bisa, dapat |
| canal | terusan | terusan, kanal, saluran |
| cancer | kanser, barah |
kanker (from Dutch kanker) |
| candy | gula-gula | permen, gula-gula (less common) |
| canoe | kanu | kano |
| cantaloupe | tembikai wangi | blewah |
| capital city | ibu negara (means "first lady" in Indonesia | ibu kota |
| caption | kapsyen | takarir (gambar) (from Arabic, تَقَارِيْرُ), keterangan |
| car | kereta (means carriage in Indonesian, commonly used as a shorthand for kereta api, which means train. Malay followed English derivation of car which was a contraction of horseless carriage), motokar |
mobil (from Dutch/mid-English automobile) |
| carbine | karbin | karabin |
| carbonated water | air berkarbonat | air soda, air berkarbonasi |
| car cover[47] | kain penutup kereta[48] | sarung mobil, penutup mobil[47] |
| carburetor | karburetor | karburator (from Dutch carburator) |
| card | kad | kartu (from Dutch kaart) |
| career | kerjaya, karier |
karier (from Dutch carrière |
| Caribbean | Caribbean | Karibia |
| carrot | lobak merah (means red radish in Indonesian) | wortel (from Dutch) |
| case | kes | kasus (from Latin: casus), perkara (from Sanskrit), hal (from Arabic) |
| cash | wang tunai | uang tunai, kas, kontan (from Dutch contant) |
| cashew | gajus | jambu mete |
| cashier | juruwang | 1. kasir, from Dutch kassier 2. juru uang (rare) |
| castle | istana kota | kastel, kastil (nonstandard), puri |
| catechesis | katekesis | katekese |
| catechism | soal jawab agama | katekismus |
| caterpillar | ulat bulu, beluncas |
ulat, ulat bulu |
| cauliflower | kubis bunga | kembang kol |
| cavalry | pasukan berkuda | kavaleri, pasukan berkuda |
| ceiling | siling | plafon (from Dutch plafond), langit-langit |
| celebrate | meraikan | merayakan |
| cement | simen | semen (from Dutch cement |
| cemetery | perkuburan | permakaman (from Arabic, مقام), (per)kuburan (from Arabic, القبور), |
| censorship | penapisan (means "filtration" in Indonesian) | penyensoran |
| census | banci (from Sanskrit) (means "transvestite" in Indonesian) | sensus, cacah jiwa (from Javanese) |
| centaur | sentaur, sentora |
sentaurus |
| centipede | lipan | kelabang, lipan |
| central | pusat | pusat, sentral, tengah, sentra |
| central processing unit | unit pemprosesan pusat | unit pemroses(an) utama, unit pemroses(an) sentral, unit pemroses(an) pusat, unit pengolahan pusat |
| ceramic | seramik | keramik |
| cereal | bijirin | sereal, serealia |
| certificate | sijil (from Arabic, سجل) | sertifikat, surat (e.g. land certificate "surat tanah"), ijazah (of school) (from Arabic, إجازة) |
| chainsaw | gergaji rantai | gergaji mesin |
| champagne | champagne, syempen | sampanye (from Dutch) |
| chandelier | candelier | lampu gantung, lampu lilin, kandelir |
| charger | pengecas | pengisi daya, pengecas, cas-casan (colloquial) |
| chart | carta | bagan, grafik, diagram |
| chat (verb) | bersembang, berbual |
mengobrol, bercakap (less common), cuap-cuap (informal) |
| check and balance | semak dan imbang | pengawasan dan pengimbangan |
| chef | cef, ketua jurumasak |
jurutama masak, kepala juru masak |
| chilli | cili, lada ('pepper' in Indonesian, also in Malay[49]), cabai (used in the northern states of Malaysia) | cabai, lombok (from Javanese: lombok) |
| China | China, Cina | 1. Tionghoa (standard term for Chinese people, from Southern Min Chinese: Tiong-hôa – 中華), 2. Tiongkok (Republik Rakyat Tiongkok and Republik Tiongkok: official name of the People's Republic of China and Republic of China, from Southern Min Chinese: Tiong-kok – 中國), 3. Cina (standard, still in common use but discouraged due to racist connotations. See Shina for further information.), 4. China (nonstandard) |
| chinatown | pekan Cina | pecinan, kampung Cina |
| chinese cuisine | masakan China | masakan Tionghoa, hidangan Tionghoa |
| Chinese folk religion | agama rakyat Cina | kepercayaan tradisional Tionghoa |
| Chinese New Year | Tahun Baru Cina | Tahun Baru Imlek (from Hokkien), Lebaran Cina (informal), Sincia (informal) |
| chocolate | coklat | cokelat |
| choir | koir | paduan suara, kor (from Dutch) |
| Christianity | Kristian,[50] Nasrani (from Arabic) |
Kristen,[51] Kekristenan, Kristiani, Nasrani (standard, is still commonly used but is not recommended due to controversial debates among Christians and Muslims' views on Christianity. See Nazarene for further information.) |
| Christian cross | salib (from Arabic, الصليب), palang | salib |
| Christmas | Krismas, Natal |
Natal from Portuguese |
| Christmas Eve | Malam Krismas, Malam Natal | Malam Natal |
| chopping board | landas cencang | talenan (from Javanese) |
| chopsticks | penyepit | sumpit |
| Church of the Holy Sepulchre | Gereja Makam Suci | Gereja Makam Kudus |
| cinema | panggung wayang bergambar (more popularly abbreviated as pawagam), panggung wayang |
1. bioskop (from Dutch bioscoop), 2. sinema |
| circle | bulatan | lingkaran |
| circular saw | gergaji bulat[52] | gergaji bundar[52] |
| circuit | litar | sirkuit, rangkaian, untai |
| circus | sarkas (means "sarcasm" in Indonesian) | sirkus |
| citric acid | asid sitrik | asam sitrat |
| city | bandar (from Persian), bandar raya (big city), kota |
kota (from Sanskrit), kota besar (big city), bandar (a coastal or port city in Indonesian) |
| civil | awam (from Arabic, عَوَامٌّ) (In Indonesian, it means "non-expert"), sivil |
sipil (from Dutch civiel), perdata (legal term) |
| civil defense | pertahanan awam | pertahanan sipil (hansip) |
| civil disorder | pergolakan sivil | kekacauan sipil |
| civil engineering | kejuruteraan awam | teknik sipil |
| claim | tuntutan (means "sue" in Indonesian) | klaim, tagihan[53] |
| clarification | penjelasan, penjernihan |
klarifikasi (from Dutch clarificatie), penjelasan |
| clause (legal) | fasal (from Arabic, فصل) (equivalent term in Indonesian is pasal) | ayat (from Arabic, آية) klausul (from Dutch clausule) |
| clearance sale | jualan perabis | cuci gudang |
| clothes iron | seterika (from Dutch through Indonesian) | setrika (from Dutch, strijkijzer) |
| club (association) | kelab | klub, perkumpulan (infrequent) |
| club (weapon) | belantan | pentungan |
| clutch pedal[54] (inside car part) | pedal cekam, klac[55] | pedal kopling (from Dutch, koppeling) |
| coach (carriage) | koc | gerbong |
| coat | kot | jas (from Dutch jas), mantel |
| cockroach | lipas | kecoak (from Southern Min Chinese: ka-choa̍h – 虼蚻), coro |
| coin | syiling from English shilling
siling from English shilling (rare) mata wang, wang logam, duit from Dutch duit[56] |
koin, uang logam |
| collar (clothing) | kolar | kerah (from Dutch, kraag) |
| collateral (finance) | cagaran | agunan, jaminan |
| college | kolej, maktab (from Arabic, مكتب) |
kampus, perguruan tinggi, kolese (from Dutch college), kolegium |
| College of Cardinals | Kolej Kardinal | Dewan Kardinal |
| Cologne | Cologne | Köln, Koeln |
| Colombia | Colombia | Kolombia |
| colored pencil | pensel warna | pensil warna |
| columbidae | merpati | merpati, dara |
| comb | sikat (means brush in Indonesian) | sisir |
| comment | ulasan, komen |
ulasan (can also mean review, interpretation or comment), komentar (from Dutch commentaar), komen (nonstandard) |
| commission | suruhanjaya | komisi (from Dutch commissie) |
| commissioner | pesuruhjaya | komisaris (from Dutch commissaris), komisioner |
| committee | jawatankuasa | komite, panitia |
| commitment | komitmen, iltizam (from Arabic, التزام) |
komitmen |
| commodity | komoditi, barangan | komoditas |
| commonwealth | komanwel | persemakmuran |
| common cold | selesema (from Sanskrit, श्लेष्मन्) | pilek, selesma (from Sanskrit) |
| communication design | reka bentuk komunikasi | desain komunikasi visual (DKV), rancangan komunikasi |
| community hall | dewan komuniti | balai masyarakat |
| community service | perkhidmatan masyarakat | pengabdian masyarakat, layanan masyarakat, kerja bakti |
| Comoros | Comoros | Komoro |
| company | syarikat (from Arabic, شركة) | perusahaan, maskapai (from Dutch maatschappij – almost exclusively used to refer to airline companies or shipping agency, i.e. maskapai penerbangan, maskapai pelayaran) |
| compiler | penyusun | penyusun, kompilator |
| complaint | aduan | aduan, keluhan, komplain (informal) |
| composer | penggubah lagu, komposer | komponis (from Dutch), komposer, penggubah lagu |
| computer data storage | storan data komputer | penyimpanan data komputer |
| computer hardware | perkakasan komputer | perangkat keras komputer |
| conclusion | kesimpulan; konklusi (rare) |
kesimpulan, simpulan, konklusi (from Dutch conclusie) |
| concrete | konkrit | beton (from Dutch) |
| condensation | pemeluwapan | kondensasi (from Dutch condensatie), pengembunan |
| condensed milk | susu pekat | susu kental manis, kental manis |
| condiment | perasa, perencah, rerempah | bahan penyedap, penyedap rasa |
| conductor (music) | konduktor | dirigen (from Dutch, dirigent), konduktor, pengaba |
| congregation (religion) | jemaah (from Arabic, جماعة) | jemaah (for Muslim) (from Arabic) , jemaat (for Christian) (from Arabic) , kongregasi (for Christian) |
| cone | kon | kerucut |
| conference | persidangan | konferensi (from Dutch conferentie), sidang |
| confirmation | pengesahan | konfirmasi, penegasan, pengesahan of a document, kepastian of a decision |
| Congo | Congo |
|
| congratulation | tahniah (from Arabic, تهنئة) | selamat (from Arabic, سلامة) (also means "safe" in Indonesian) |
| conservation (movement) |
|
penghematan (of energy) |
| conscription | pengerahan, khidmat tentera | wajib militer (wamil) |
| constant (n) | pemalar | tetapan, konstanta (from Dutch, konstante) |
| constitution of a country | perlembagaan |
|
| construction | pembinaan (from Arabic, بناء) | pembangunan (of building), pembinaan (of moral), konstruksi (from Dutch constructie) |
| constitutional monarchy | raja berperlembagaan | monarki konstitusional, kerajaan konstitusional |
| consumer | pengguna (means "user" in Indonesian) | konsumen (from Dutch) |
| consumerism | kepenggunaan | konsumerisme |
| consumption | perbelanjaan | konsumsi (from Dutch consumptie), pemakaian, penggunaan |
| contamination | pencemaran | pencemaran, kontaminasi |
| continuous | selanjar, berterusan |
berkesinambungan, berkelanjutan, terus-menerus, kontinu |
| control | kawalan | kontrol, pengendalian, pengaturan, pengawasan |
| convenience store | kedai serbaneka | toko serba ada (toserba) |
| conversion | penukaran (means "exchange" in Indonesia) | konversi (from Dutch conversie), perubahan |
| convertible | kereta berhud[57] | mobil atap terbuka, mobil konvertibel[58] |
| cook (profession) | tukang masak | koki (from Dutch, kokje), juru masak, tukang masak |
| cooker hood[59] | tudung dapur[60] | penyedot asap, pengisap asap, pengisap uap[59] |
| corn starch | tepung jagung | tepung jagung, pati jagung, tepung maizena |
| corporation | perbadanan | korporasi (from Dutch corporatie), badan usaha, perusahaan |
| corrosion | pengakisan | korosi, perkaratan |
| corruption | rasuah (from Arabic, رشوة meaning 'bribe'), korupsi (rare) |
korupsi (from Dutch corruptie), rasuah (from Arabic: Rashwah meaning 'bribe') (non-standard) |
| Costa Rica | Costa Rica | Kosta Rika |
| Côte d'Ivoire | Ivory Coast, Côte d'Ivoire | Pantai Gading |
| cotton candy | gula-gula kapas, halwa rambut, alusmitai |
permen kapas, gula kapas, gulali, harum manis |
| counseling | kaunseling | penyuluhan, konseling |
| counter | kaunter | loket (from Dutch), konter |
| counting | pembilangan | pencacahan |
| coup d'état | rampasan kuasa | kudeta, penggulingan kekuasaan, perampasan kekuasaan |
| country | negara | negara, negeri (in Malaysia, negeri usually refers to a state within a federation) |
| court | mahkamah (from Arabic, محكمة) | pengadilan, mahkamah |
| crab | ketam | kepiting |
| cracker | keropok | kerupuk |
| crane (machine) | kren | derek jangkung |
| crime | jenayah (from Arabic, جناية) | kejahatan (means "evil" in Malay) |
| criminal | penjenayah | penjahat, kriminal, pidana (ahli pidana is criminal law expert) |
| crispiness | kerangupan | kerenyahan |
| Croatia | Croatia | Kroasia |
| crucial | genting | krusial, penting, genting |
| CT scan | imbasan tomografi berkomputer | pindaian tomografi terkomputasi, pindaian CT |
| Cuba | Cuba | Kuba |
| cube root | punca kuasa tiga | akar pangkat tiga, akar kubik |
| cuisine | masakan | hidangan, masakan |
| cup | cawan (from Hokkien) | cangkir |
| cupboard | almari (from Portuguese armário) | lemari (also from armário) |
| cupcake | kek cawan | kue mangkuk |
| Curaçao | Curasao | Kurasao |
| current (adjective, of time) | semasa | saat ini, terkini, aktual (from Dutch actueel) |
| current affairs | hal ehwal semasa | peristiwa terkini, berita terkini, aktualitas |
| curtain | langsir (means train wagon arrangement in Indonesian), tirai |
tirai (used for all meanings apart from house curtain), gorden (of a house; from Dutch gordijn) |
| customs (authority) | kastam | pabean refers to the administrative institution, bea dan cukai (bea-cukai) lit. tariff-and-tax, duty |
| cute | comel | imut, menggemaskan, lucu (also means "funny" in Indonesian) |
| cyber | siber | dunia maya, siber |
| cyberbullying | buli siber | perundungan dunia maya, perundungan siber |
| cybercrime | jenayah siber | kejahatan dunia maya, kejahatan siber |
| cylinder | silinder, tiub | tabung, silinder |
| Cyprus | Cyprus | Siprus |
| Czech Republic | Republik Czech | (Republik) Ceko |
D
| English | (Malaysian) Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| dairy product | produk tenusu | produk susu |
| dandruff | kelemumur | ketombe |
| deacon | diakon | diakon, diaken |
| deadline | tarikh akhir | tenggat, batas waktu |
| decathlon | dekatlon | dasalomba |
| December | Disember | Desember (influenced by Dutch december) |
| declaration | pengisytiharan, perisytiharan (from Arabic, اِشْتِهَار) | deklarasi, pernyataan |
| decimal | perpuluhan (means tithe in Indonesian) | desimal (from Dutch decimale), (bilangan) berbasis sepuluh, (bilangan) serba sepuluh, (bilangan) berdasar sepuluh, persepuluhan (rare) |
| decree | dekri | surat keputusan, dekret (from Dutch decreet) |
| deep frying | goreng celur | goreng rendam |
| deforestation | penebangan hutan | penggundulan hutan, penebangan hutan, deforestasi |
| degree (of temperature) | darjah (from Arabic, درجة) | derajat (from Arabic) |
| dehydration | penyahhidratan | dehidrasi, pengawahidratan (rare) |
| delicious, tasty | sedap, lazat (from Arabic, لذيذ), enak | enak, lezat (from Arabic), sedap, maknyus (informal) |
| democratic | demokratik | demokratis (from Dutch demokratisch note: "democratic republic" (in country names) translates as republik demokratik, such as in Republik Demokratik Kongo (Democratic Republic of the Congo) |
| dentistry | pergigian | kedokteran gigi |
| deny | menafikan | membantah, menyangkal |
| department | jabatan ('occupation' in Indonesian) | departemen, jurusan (for department in university) |
| department store | gedung serbaneka | toko serba ada (toserba) |
| departure | pelepasan | keberangkatan, kepergian |
| depression (psychological) | kemurungan (means "sadness" in Indonesian) | depresi (from Dutch depressie) |
| deputy | timbalan | wakil (from Arabic, وكيل), deputi |
| derivative (mathematics) | terbitan | turunan |
| desiccator | alat pengering | desikator, alat pengering |
| design | reka bentuk | desain, kerangka bentuk, rancangan |
| detail | perincian | perincian, detail |
| developer | pembangun, pemaju | pengembang |
| dialect | dialek, loghat (from Arabic, لغة) (equivalent term in Indonesian is logat means "accent") | dialek |
| diaper | lampin | popok, pamper |
| diarrhea | diarea, cirit-birit | diare, menceret |
| dietary supplement | penokok pemakanan | suplemen makanan |
| detection | pengesanan | pelacakan, deteksi or pendeteksian |
| device | peranti | perangkat, peranti |
| diagram | rajah | diagram |
| different – difference | beza, berbeza – perbezaan | beda, berbeda – perbedaan |
| diploma | diploma | diploma, ijazah (from Arabic, إجازة) (means "degree" in Malay) |
| director | pengarah | direktur (from Dutch (and French) directeur), sutradara (of a film) from Sanskrit (through Javanese), pengarah (for an event) |
| disability | kehilangan upaya, kelainan upaya | disabilitas, difabel, ketunaan, kecacatan (offensive) |
| discharge overland flow | luahan aliran daratan | banjir kiriman, banjir limpasan |
| discount | diskaun, rebat, potongan harga | diskon, rabat, potongan harga, korting (from Dutch, less frequent) |
| discus throw | lempar cakera | lempar cakram |
| discussion | perbincangan, diskusi | pembicaraan, perbincangan, diskusi (from Dutch discussie) |
| disinfectant | penyahjangkit | disinfektan, penyuci hama (less common) |
| disposable | pakai buang | sekali pakai |
| disposable razor | pisau cukur pakai buang | pisau cukur sekali pakai |
| district | daerah | distrik, daerah |
| diversity | kepelbagaian | keberagaman, keragaman, keanekaragaman, kebinekaan, diversitas |
| division (mathematics) | pembahagian | pembagian |
| dizzy | pening | pusing, pening, puyeng, mumet, kliyengan |
| documentary film | filem dokumentari | film dokumenter |
| do it yourself | dibuat individu dengan yakin (DIY) | swakriya, lakukan sendiri |
| Dome of the Rock | Kubah al-Sakhrah | Kubah Shakhrah |
| domestic | dalam negara | dalam negeri, domestik |
| double-decker bus | bas dua tingkat[61] | bus tingkat |
| dough | doh | adonan, adonan padat |
| download | muat turun | unduh (from Javanese) |
| drawing | melukis (means "paint" (v) in Indonesian) | menggambar |
| driver | pemandu (means guide in Indonesian), drebar (from English) (less common) | pengemudi, pengendara, sopir (from French chauffeur through Dutch), |
| drive-through | pandu lalu | lantatur (portmanteau for "layanan tanpa turun" (lit. service without dropping off)) |
| driver's license (U.S.) driving licence (UK) | lesen memandu | surat izin mengemudi (SIM) |
| drowning | lemas | mati tenggelam |
| drugs (illegal) | dadah (colloquial use in Indonesia means "goodbye") | narkoba (an acronym for NARKotika dan OBat-obatan terlArang (narcotics and illegal drugs)), NAPZA (less frequent – an acronym for NArkotika, Psikotropika dan Zat-zat Adiktif (narcotics, psychotropics, and addictive chemical substances)) |
| dustpan | penadah sampah[62], tadahan sampah,[62] kuali habuk[63] | pengki, cikrak, serokan, serokan sampah,[64] serokan debu[64] |
| Dutch East Indies | Hindia Timur Belanda | Hindia Belanda |
| duty (economics) | duti | bea |
| dynamics | dinamik | dinamika |
E
| English | (Malaysian) Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| eagle | helang | elang |
| easy | mudah, senang (means "happy" in Indonesian) | mudah, gampang (means "bastard" in Malay) gampil (informal) |
| e-mel | surel (standard, shortened of surat elektronik (electronic mail)), pos-el (standard, shortened of pos elektronik (electronic mail)), email (pronounced as /i.mel/ is a non-standard Indonesian but common in practice, though "email" pronounced as /e.ma.il/ means enamel) | |
| early childhood education | pendidikan awal kanak-kanak | pendidikan anak usia dini (PAUD) |
| Easter | Easter, Paskah (strictly used for Jewish Passover) | Paskah (from Portuguese Páscoa) |
| Easter Bunny | Arnab Easter (from Arabic, أرنب) | Kelinci Paskah (from Dutch, konijntje) |
| Easter Vigil | Malam Easter | Vigili Paskah, Malam Paskah |
| East Jerusalem | Baitulmuqaddis Timur | Yerusalem Timur |
| eau de cologne | air kolong, kelonyor |
kolonye |
| Ecuador | Ecuador | Ekuador |
| economic sanctions | sekatan ekonomi | sanksi ekonomi |
| editor | penyunting | editor, penyunting, redaktur (from French rédacteur through Dutch – refers to editors of mass printed media) |
| editorial (board) | kakitangan editorial | redaksi (from Dutch redactie), editorial |
| effective | berkesan, efektif | efektif, berhasil guna, mangkus (rare) |
| effectiveness | keberkesanan | efektivitas (from Dutch effectiviteit), keefektifan, keberhasilgunaan, kemangkusan (rare) |
| efficient | cekap, efisien | efisien, berdaya guna, tepat guna, sangkil (rare) |
| efficiency | kecekapan | efisiensi, keefisienan, kedayagunaan, ketepatgunaan, kesangkilan (rare) |
| Eid al-Fitr | Hari Raya Aidilfitri (from Arabic, عيد الفطر), Hari Raya Puasa, Lebaran[65] | Idulfitri, Idul Fitri nonstandard spelling, but common, Lebaran (from Javanese) |
| Eid al-Adha | Hari Raya Aidiladha (from Arabic, عيد الأضحى), Hari Raya Haji | Iduladha, Hari Raya Haji, Lebaran Haji, Idulkurban (informal) |
| eight | lapan used as colloquial abbreviation in Indonesian | delapan used in Malaysia before the spelling reform |
| elasticity | keanjalan | elastisitas, keelastisan, kelentingan |
| electric current | arus elektrik | arus listrik |
| electrical network | litar elektrik | rangkaian listrik |
| electronics | elektronik | elektronika, elektronik |
| electricity | elektrik, tenaga elektrik lit. electric energy | listrik, kelistrikan, ketenagalistrikan, setrum (from Dutch stroom) |
| emergency | kecemasan (used for anxiety or "too anxious" (condition) in Indonesian), darurat (of politic) [66] | darurat (from Arabic, ضرورة – also used in Malaysia to express a state of emergency), gawat darurat, kegawatan |
| emperor | maharaja | kaisar (from Dutch keizer), maharaja (from Sanskrit) |
| empire | empayar | kekaisaran, kemaharajaan, imperium (from Latin) |
| enamel | enamel | email (from Dutch emaille) |
| energy | tenaga | energi, tenaga (for "power") |
| engine | enjin | mesin, motor |
| engineer | jurutera | insinyur (degree), teknisi, rekayasawan |
| engineering | kejuruteraan | teknik (from Dutch), rekayasa or perekayasaan |
| England | Inggeris | Inggris |
| entrepreneur | usahawan | pengusaha, wiraswasta, wirausahawan |
| entrepreneurship | keusahawanan | kewirausahaan, kewiraswastaan |
| envelope | sampul surat | amplop (from Dutch), sampul surat |
| environment | persekitaran, alam sekitar | lingkungan |
| environmentally friendly | mesra alam | ramah lingkungan |
| equilateral triangle | segi tiga sekata | segitiga sama sisi |
| eraser | getah pemadam | penghapus, setip (from Dutch, stuf) |
| erosion | hakisan | pengikisan, erosi (from Dutch erosie) |
| escalator | tangga gerak | tangga berjalan, eskalator |
| essential oil | minyak pati | minyak asiri (from Arabic, أثيري), minyak esensial |
| espionage | pengintipan (means "peeping" in Indonesian) | spionase, pemata-mataan |
| estimation | jangkaan, anggaran (from Persian, انگار) (means "budget" in Indonesian) | perkiraan, dugaan, estimasi |
| estuary | muara | estuari, muara, kuala |
| Ethiopia | Habsyah from Arabic الحبشة al-habsha (Abyssinia) | Etiopia |
| Eucharist | Eukaris | Ekaristi, Perjamuan Kudus, Perjamuan Suci, Perjamuan Tuhan |
| Europe | Eropah | Eropa |
| evacuation | pemindahan (means "translocation" or "relocation" in Indonesian) | pengungsian, evakuasi (from Dutch evacuatie) |
| evaluation | penilaian | penilaian, evaluasi (from Dutch evaluatie) |
| evaporated milk | susu sejat | susu evaporasi |
| evaporating dish | piring sejat | cawan penguap |
| evaporation | penyejatan | penguapan, evaporasi |
| evening | teja, petang | sore, petang |
| excess | lebihan | kelebihan ("benefit" in Malay, also in Indonesian), lebihan, ekses |
| excretion | perkumuhan | ekskresi, pembuangan zat sisa |
| execution (death sentence) | hukuman mati | eksekusi (from Dutch executie), hukuman mati |
| executive (government) | badan eksekutif | lembaga eksekutif |
| exhaust (pipe) | ekzos | knalpot (from Dutch, in which it also means "muffler") |
| exist | wujud (from Arabic, وجود) (more often interpreted as "form" in Indonesian) | ada, eksis |
| existence | kewujudan | keberadaan, eksistensi |
| expansion card | kad tambah | kartu ekspansi, kartu tambahan |
| experiment | uji kaji | percobaan, eksperimen |
| expired | tamat tempoh | kedaluwarsa (from Javanese), habis tempo |
| exploration | penjelajahan, eksplorasi | eksplorasi, penjelajahan, penjajakan |
| explosion | letupan | ledakan |
| explosive | bahan letupan | bahan peledak |
| exponentiation | pengeksponenan | eksponensiasi, pemangkatan |
| export | eksport | ekspor |
| expose | pendedahan | paparan (used for display in Malay), pemajanan or pajanan, ekspos |
| extinct | pupus (of species),
padam (of flame or light) |
padam (of flame or light), punah (of species), pupus (loss of hope) |
F
| English | (Malaysian) Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| facial recognition system | sistem pengecaman wajah | sistem pengenalan wajah |
| facility | kemudahan, fasiliti | fasilitas (from Latin, facilitas), kemudahan |
| facilitator | pemudah cara | fasilitator, penyedia fasilitas |
| faction (politics) | puak | faksi (from Dutch "factie"), fraksi from Dutch fractie |
| factory | kilang ('refinery' in Indonesian) | pabrik from Dutch fabriek |
| faculty | fakulti | fakultas (from Latin, facultas), fakultet (obsolete, from Dutch "faculteit") |
| fan (fanatic) | peminat (means enthusiast in Indonesian) | penggemar |
| farm | ladang (means field in Indonesian) | lahan usaha tani |
| fashion | fesyen | mode, tata busana, fesyen (informal) |
| fashion accessory | aksesori fesyen | aksesori mode, aksesoris mode (informal) |
| fast food | makanan segera | makanan cepat saji, makanan siap saji |
| fast-food restaurant | restoran makanan segera | rumah makan siap saji |
| fanatic | fanatik, taasub (from Arabic, التعصب) |
fanatik |
| feather | bulu pelepah | bulu |
| federal | persekutuan (means alliance in Indonesian) | federal (from Dutch "federaal") |
| Federated States of Micronesia | Persekutuan Mikronesia | Federasi Mikronesia |
| federation | persekutuan (means alliance in Indonesian) | federasi from Dutch federatie, (negara) serikat |
| feedback | maklum balas | umpan balik, masukan |
| fermentation | penapaian, fermentasi | fermentasi, peragian, penapaian |
| Ferris wheel | roda Ferris | kincir ria, bianglala |
| fiction | fiksyen, cerita rekaan (cereka) | fiksi, cerita rekaan (cerkan) |
| file[44] | fail[67] | berkas[44], fail[68] (uncommon) |
| filling station | stesen minyak | stasiun pengisian bahan bakar (SPBU), pompa bensin, pom bensin |
| financial | kewangan | keuangan, finansial from Dutch financieel |
| fingerprint | cap jari | sidik jari |
| Finland | Finland | Finlandia |
| firecracker | mercun | petasan, mercon |
| fire hydrant | pili bomba | hidran |
| firefighter squad | bomba (from Portuguese, bomba) | pemadam kebakaran (damkar) (lit. fire extinguisher), branwir (from Dutch brandweer (fire defense)) (obsolete) |
| firewood | kayu api | kayu bakar |
| First Council of Nicaea | Majlis Nicaea Pertama | Konsili Nikea Pertama |
| fish sauce | sos ikan | kecap ikan |
| flashback | imbas kembali | kilas balik, sorot balik |
| flash drive | pemacu kilat | diska lepas, kandar kilas |
| flash flood | banjir kilat | banjir bandang |
| flashlight | lampu suluh | senter |
| floating rib | tulang rusuk apungan[69] | tulang rusuk melayang[70] |
| floor, level (storey) | tingkat may be used in Indonesian to express the number of storeys/levels a building has, e.g. a 5-storey building = gedung bertingkat 5, or to emphasize British floor numbering, e.g. tingkat satu means first floor (UK), second floor (US) in both languages, aras (used to emphasize American floor numbering, e.g. aras dua = tingkat satu | lantai also refers to floor as ground surface in both languages, emphasizes American floor numbering, tingkat emphasizes British floor numbering, e.g. lantai dua = tingkat satu |
| flowerpot | pasu,[71] pot[72] (from English, vase) | pot, pot bunga,[73] jambangan |
| floppy disk | cakera liut | cakram liuk, disket |
| flowchart | carta aliran | diagram alir, bagan alir |
| fluid | bendalir | fluida, zat alir (zalir), cairan |
| fluorescent lamp | lampu pendarfluor | lampu pendar, lampu kalimantang |
| flying fox or zip line | luncur keluang | luncur gantung |
| fog lamp | lampu kabus[74], lampu kabut[75] | lampu kabut[76] |
| folklore | budaya rakyat | folklor, budaya rakyat |
| food | makanan | makanan, pangan |
| food allergy | alahan makanan | alergi makanan |
| food safety | keselamatan makanan | keamanan pangan |
| food science | sains pemakanan | ilmu pangan |
| food truck | trak makanan | truk makanan |
| foodborne illness | penyakit bawaan makanan | keracunan makanan |
| forklift | forklift, trak angkat susun | forklif, truk garpu |
| football | bola sepak | sepak bola |
| footpath | laluan jalan kaki, lorong jalan kaki[77] | jalan setapak |
| force (physics) | daya | gaya |
| forestry | perhutanan | kehutanan |
| form (document) | borang | formulir (from Dutch formulier), borang (less common), blangko (from Dutch, blanco) |
| fountain | air pancut | air mancur |
| fountain pen | pen founten | pulpen (from Dutch, vulpen) |
| franchise | francais | waralaba |
| France | Perancis | Prancis, Perancis (nonstandard) |
| free (of charge) | percuma means "worthless" in Indonesian | gratis from Dutch, cuma-cuma, cecuma (nonstandard) |
| friction (physics) | geseran | gaya gesek |
| frostbite | reput fros, luka beku | radang dingin |
| frozen food | makanan sejuk beku | makanan beku |
| fuel | bahan api | bahan bakar |
| fuel oil | minyak bahan api | bahan bakar minyak (BBM) |
| fungus | kulat, fungus | fungi, jamur |
| furniture | perabot rumah, perkakas rumah (In Indonesian, perkakas means equipment) | mebel from Dutch meubelen, perabot rumah tangga, furnitur |
| fuse (electrical) | fius | sekring (from Dutch, zekering) |
| fusion | pelakuran | fusi, penggabungan, peleburan |
| future | masa hadapan | masa depan |
G
| English | (Malaysian) Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| gadget | gajet, alat (from Arabic, آلة) | gawai, gadget, acang (rare) |
| gangster | samseng (from Hokkien), gengster | geng, preman from Dutch vrijman (lit. free-man), gangster from English |
| garage | garaj | garasi influenced by Dutch pronunciation |
| garrison | garison | garnisun from Dutch garnizoen |
| gasoline | petrol (from British English petrol) | bensin (from Dutch Benzine) |
| gastric acid | asid perut | asam lambung |
| gastritis | gastritis | sakit mag (from Dutch, maag), radang lambung, tukak lambung, gastritis |
| Gaza Strip | Genting Gaza | Jalur Gaza |
| gear | gear | roda gigi (influenced by Dutch tandwiel, lit. "tooth wheel"), gir |
| gearbox | kotak gear | persneling (from Dutch versnelling), girboks, transmisi |
| gender | jantina (from Indonesian), gender |
jenis kelamin, gender |
| general (military) | jeneral | jenderal from Dutch generaal |
| general election | pilihan raya umum | pemilihan umum (pemilu) |
| genetics | genetik | genetika |
| genocide | pembasmian kaum, genosid | genosida, pemusnahan ras |
| geothermal energy | tenaga geoterma | energi panas bumi, energi geotermal |
| ghee | minyak sapi | minyak samin (from Arabic, سمين) |
| ghost town | pekan hantu | kota hantu |
| gift | hadiah (from Arabic, هدية) | hadiah (from Arabic), kado (from Dutch, cadeau) |
| ginger | halia | jahe |
| girlfriend | teman wanita (means "girl friend" in Indonesian) | pacar perempuan, cewek (slang) (also means girl in Indonesian) |
| glacier | glasier | gletser (from Dutch, gletsjer) |
| glasses | cermin mata | kacamata |
| glass rod | rod kaca | batang pengaduk |
| Global Positioning System | Sistem Kedudukan Sejagat | Sistem Pemosisian Global |
| glue | gam (from English, gum) | lem (from Dutch, lijm) |
| goal | matlamat (portmanteau for "mata alamat" (lit. address points)) | tujuan, matalamat (rare) |
| goal keeper | penjaga gol/penjaga gawang | kiper, penjaga gawang |
| golf club (stick) | kayu golf | stik golf, pemukul golf, tongkat golf |
| governance | tadbir urus | tata kelola, pemerintahan |
| government | kerajaan derived from raja (king) – used in Malaysia and Brunei – in Indonesian means "kingdom" | pemerintah derived from perintah (order/instruction) – also used in Singapore, which, like Indonesia, is a republic |
| governor | gabenor, Yang di-Pertua Negeri (in Malaysian states) | gubernur from Dutch gouverneur |
| gradation | pemeringkatan, penggredan | gradasi, pemeringkatan |
| graduate | siswazah, sarjana (from Sanskrit, सज्जन) | wisudawan, wisudawati (only for female), lulusan, sarjana |
| graphics card | kad grafik | kartu grafis |
| graphic design | reka bentuk grafik | desain grafis, rancangan grafis |
| graduation | konvokesyen, majlis penyampaian ijazah, majlis graduasi |
wisuda (from Sanskrit, विशुद्ध), acara kelulusan, acara pelepasan, purnawiyata (from Sanskrit), purnawidya (from Sanskrit) |
| graduated cylinder | silinder penyukat | gelas ukur |
| grammar | tatabahasa, nahu (from Arabic, نحو) |
tata bahasa, gramatika (from Dutch) |
| grandfather | datuk, atuk (informal) or "tok" (if there is grandfather's name like "Tok Dalang") | kakek, opa from Dutch, eyang, embah (from Javanese) |
| grandmother | nenek, opah (informal), nenenda (polite), nenda (polite), nenekanda (polite) | nenek, oma (from Dutch), eyang, embah (from Javanese) |
| grandparent | datuk nenek | kakek nenek, eyang, embah (from Javanese) |
| grant (law) | geran | hibah (from Arabic, هبة) |
| gravity | graviti | gravitasi |
| greatest common divisor | faktor sepunya terbesar | faktor persekutuan terbesar (FPB) |
| Greece | Greece (of recent use), Yunani | Yunani (from Arabic Yūnān يُونَان) |
| grenade | bom tangan | granat |
| grenade launcher | pelancar bom | pelontar granat |
| grocery | barang runcit | barang kebutuhan sehari-hari, sembako, kelontong (less common) |
| grocery store | kedai runcit | toko kelontong, toko sembako, warung sembako |
| gross (financial) | kasar | bruto (from Dutch), kotor, kasar |
| gross domestic product (GDP) | keluaran dalam negara kasar (KDNK) | produk domestik bruto (PDB), hasil kotor dalam negeri (obsolete) |
| ground meat | daging kisar | daging giling |
| group | kumpulan, kelompok |
kelompok, grup (from Dutch pronunciation of groep), (per)kumpulan, (per)himpunan |
| growth | tumbesaran, pertumbuhan | tumbuh kembang, pertumbuhan |
| guarantee | jaminan (from Arabic, ضامن) | jaminan (from Arabic), garansi from Dutch pronunciation of garantie |
| guerrilla warfare | gerila | gerilya, perang gerilya |
| guinea pig | marmut, tikus belanda[78] | marmot,[79] tikus belanda[80] |
| gymnastics | gimnastik | senam (means "exercise" in Malay) |
H
| English | (Malaysian) Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| hacker | penggodam | peretas |
| hacking | penggodaman | peretasan |
| hall | dewan (from Persian, دیوان) | aula (from Dutch), balai |
| hand sanitizer | pensanitasi tangan, cecair pembasmi kuman (colloquial) | penyanitasi tangan, pembersih tangan (colloquial) |
| half past one | pukul satu setengah (lit. one and a half) | pukul setengah dua (thirty to two) |
| hail | hujan batu | hujan es |
| hammer | tukul | palu, martil (from Portuguese martelo) |
| hammer throw | lontar tukul besi | lontar martil, lempar martil |
| handball | bola baling | bola tangan |
| handcuffs | gari (from Hindi, कड़ी) | borgol, belenggu |
| hang gliding | geluncur angin | layang gantung |
| harassment | gangguan | pelecehan |
| hard disk drive | cakera keras | piringan keras, cakram keras |
| hardware | perkakasan | perangkat keras |
| hare | kelinci (kelinci means 'rabbit' in Indonesian) | terwelu (from Javanese terwèlu) |
| harp | harp | harpa |
| hawker (trade) | penjaja | penjaja, pedagang kaki lima, pedagang asongan |
| head office or headquarters | ibu pejabat ("ibu" also means "mother" or "ma'am" in both languages) | kantor pusat ("kantor" – from Dutch kantoor (office)), markas besar (from Arabic, مركز) |
| headphones | fon kepala[81] | penyuara jemala (standard) |
| headscarf, hijab | tudung | kerudung, jilbab though these words have different meanings (from Arabic), hijab (from Arabic) |
| healthy | sihat (from Arabic, صحة) | sehat (from Arabic) |
| health care | penjagaan kesihatan | pelayanan kesehatan |
| heat | haba (portmanteau for "hawa bahang" (lit. hot weather)) | panas, kalor (from Latin, calor), bahang |
| Hebrew Bible | kitab Bible Ibrani | Alkitab Ibrani |
| helmet | topi keledar | helm |
| hemorrhoid | hemoroid, buasir (from Arabic, بواسير) | ambeien (from Dutch), bawasir (wasir) (from Arabic), hemoroid |
| herb | herba | jamu often understood as traditional potion made from rhizomes, also means "guest" ("tamu") and "treat the guest" ("menjamu"), herbal, herba |
| hexadecimal | perenambelasan | heksadesimal, (bilangan) berbasis enam belas, (bilangan) serba enam belas, (bilangan) berdasar enam belas, perenambelasan (rare) |
| hide and seek | sorok-sorok | petak umpet, sembunyi-sembunyian |
| high heels | kasut tumit tinggi | sepatu hak tinggi |
| highlighter | penyerlah | stabilo, pena penyorot |
| highway | lebuh raya | jalan tol, jalan bebas hambatan |
| hippopotamus | badak air | kuda nil (influenced by Dutch nijlpaard ("Nile horse")) |
| history | sejarah (from Arabic, شجرة) | sejarah (from Arabic, شجرة), riwayat (from Arabic, رواية), histori |
| hoax | olok-olok (mean 'joke' in Indonesian) | berita bohong, berita palsu, informasi bohong, informasi palsu, hoaks (informal) |
| Holy Grail | Cangkir Suci | Cawan Suci |
| homecoming | balik kampung | mudik, pulang kampung |
| homewrecker | penyondol | pelakor (portmanteau for "perebut laki orang" (lit. husband snatcher)), pebinor (portmanteau for "perebut bini orang" (lit. wife snatcher)), perusak rumah tangga |
| Homily | Khutbah (mean 'sermon' in Indonesian) | Homili |
| hopscotch | (ke)tingting | engklek, permainan jingkat-jingkat |
| horn | hon | klakson (from Dutch) |
| horror film | filem seram | film horor |
| hose | hos | slang (from Dutch), selang (nonstandard) |
| hospital | hospital | rumah sakit (RS, rumkit) (influenced by Dutch ziekenhuis ("house of the sick") – This term is still used in Brunei, but in Malaysia, "hospital" has replaced the term completely since the 1960s) |
| hostage | tebusan (means "ransom" in Indonesian) | sandera |
| housewife | suri rumah | ibu rumah tangga |
| Hungary | Hungary | Hungaria |
| hybrid (biology) | kacukan, hibrid | hibrida, silangan |
| hygiene | higin, kebersihan, kesihatan | higiene, kebersihan, kesehatan, higienitas |
| hymn | him, gita puja | himne, madah, puji-pujian, gita puja |
I
| English | (Malaysian) Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| I | saya, aku, daku, I (slang) | saya, aku, daku, gue, gua (slang) |
| ice | ais | es |
| iceberg | aisberg | gunung es |
| ice cream | aiskrim | es krim |
| ice milk | ais susu | es susu |
| Iceland | Iceland | Islandia |
| ice skating | luncur ais | seluncur es |
| icing (food) | aising | lapisan gula |
| idea | idea | ide (from Dutch, idee), gagasan |
| identity | identiti | identitas, jati diri |
| identity card (ID card) | kad pengenalan | kartu tanda penduduk (KTP) |
| identification | pengenalan, pengenalpastian, pengecaman | identifikasi, pengenalan, penemukenalan (rare) |
| illegal drug trade | perniagaan dadah haram | perdagangan obat-obatan terlarang, perdagangan narkoba |
| image | citra, imej (of reputation), gambar (pictorial image), maruah (of reputation) (from Arabic, مروءة) |
citra (of reputation, also pictorial image and broader meaning in computer science as for image processing[82]) (from Sanskrit), gambar (pictorial image) |
| imagination | imaginasi, bayangan | imajinasi, khayalan (from Arabic, خيال), bayangan |
| imaging | pengimejan | pencitraan |
| immigration | imigresen, imigrasi | imigrasi (from Dutch immigratie) |
| impact | impak | dampak |
| import | import | impor |
| impotence | mati pucuk, impotensi, lemah syahwat | impotensi (from Dutch impotentie), kelemahan syahwat |
| impotent | kemandulan | impoten, lemah syahwat |
| incandescent lamp | mentol lampu | lampu pijar, bohlam |
| incineration | penunuan | insinerasi, pembakaran |
| incisor (human teeth) | gigi kacip | gigi seri |
| inclined plane | satah condong | bidang miring |
| Indian Ocean | Lautan Hindi | Samudra Hindia |
| Indian religions | Agama India | Agama Dharmik |
| inductor | peraruh, induktor (rare) | induktor, pengimbas (obsolete) |
| industrial waste | sisa perindustrian | limbah industri |
| infection | jangkitan | infeksi |
| information | maklumat (from Arabic, معلومة) (means "edict" in Indonesian) | informasi, from Dutch informatie, penerangan (rare) |
| injection (noun) | suntikan | suntikan, injeksi |
| injury in humans | kecederaan | cedera |
| ink | dakwat (from Arabic, دواة) | tinta (from Dutch tinte), dawat (archaic) |
| innovation | pembaharuan, reka baru, inovasi | inovasi, reka baru, kebaruan |
| installment (payment) | ansuran | angsuran, cicilan |
| instant | segera (means "soon" in Indonesia) | instan, seketika, dadak (rare) |
| instant noodles | mi segera | mi instan, mi dadak (rare) |
| interest (finance and economics) | faedah (from Arabic, فائدة) (means benefit in Indonesian) | bunga |
| institution | institusi | lembaga, institusi, pranata (from Javanese) |
| insurance | insurans | asuransi from Dutch assurantie, pertanggungan (less common) |
| integral | kamiran | integral |
| intelligence (spying) | risikan (means 'secret investigation' in Indonesia) | intelijen, telik sandi |
| international | antarabangsa | internasional, mancanegara from Javanese meaning: foreign land), antarbangsa |
| internationalization | pengantarabangsaan | penginternasionalan, internasionalisasi |
| International Labour Organization (ILO) | Pertubuhan Buruh Antarabangsa | Organisasi Perburuhan Internasional, Organisasi Ketenagakerjaan Internasional |
| international organization | pertubuhan antarabangsa | organisasi internasional |
| International Organization for Standardization | Pertubuhan Pemiawaian Antarabangsa | Organisasi Standardisasi Internasional |
| internet service provider | pembekal khidmat internet | penyedia jasa internet |
| intersection (road) | persilangan | persimpangan |
| intermodal container | kontena | peti kemas, kontainer |
| internet café | kafe internet, kafe siber | warnet (a portmanteau for "warung internet" (lit. internet shop)) |
| introspection | kaji diri, introspeksi (rare) | introspeksi, wawas diri, mawas diri (nonstandard) |
| invasion | pencerobohan | invasi, penyerbuan |
| investigation | penyiasatan (from Arabic, سياسة) | penyelidikan (means "research" in Malay), pengusutan, penyidikan, investigasi |
| investment | pelaburan (means resurfacing in Indonesian) | investasi (from Dutch, investatie), penanaman modal |
| invoice | invois | tagihan, faktur (from Dutch, factuur) |
| Iraq | Iraq | Irak |
| Ireland | Ireland | Irlandia |
| irrigation | pengairan | irigasi, pengairan |
| isosceles triangle | segi tiga dua sama | segitiga sama kaki |
| Italy | Itali | Italia |
J
| English | (Malaysian) Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| (fruit) jam | jem | selai (from Dutch, gelei) |
| Japan | Jepun | Jepang, Jepun (informal) |
| jack (device) | jek | dongkrak (from Dutch, dommekracht) |
| jar | balang | stoples (from Dutch, stolpfles), toples (nonstandard) |
| javelin throw | rejam lembing | lempar lembing |
| Jericho | Jericho | Yerikho |
| Jerusalem | Baitulmuqaddis (from Arabic, بيت المقدس), Al-Quds (from Arabic, القدس) | Yerusalem, Alkudsi (from Arabic), Al-Quds (from Arabic) |
| jigsaw | gergaji jig[83] | gergaji ukir[84] |
| jícama | sengkuang | bengkuang |
| joke | jenaka, lawak | lelucon, lawakan candaan, gurauan, guyonan, olok-olok |
| Jordan (country) | Jordan | Yordania from Dutch Jordanië |
| journalist | wartawan | wartawan, jurnalis |
| judiciary | kehakiman | kehakiman, peradilan |
| juice | jus | sari buah, jus |
| juicer | pemerah jus | alat pembuat jus |
| July | Julai | Juli from Dutch juli |
| June | Jun | Juni from Dutch juni |
| junk | sampah, sarap | sampah, rongsokan, rombengan |
| Jupiter (planet) | Musytari (from Arabic, المشتري) | Jupiter |
K–L
| English | (Malaysian) Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| kaffir lime | limau purut | jeruk purut |
| kale | kubis kerinting | kubis keriting |
| kangaroo | kanggaru | kanguru |
| ketchup | sos tomato | saus tomat |
| keyboard (of computer technology) | papan kekunci[85] | papan tombol, papan ketik, papan tik, papan tuts,[86] kibor[87] |
| key lime | limau nipis | jeruk nipis |
| kid | kanak-kanak, budak (means slave in Indonesian) | anak-anak, bocah (from Javanese), bocil (informal) |
| kindergarten | taman didikan kanak-kanak (tadika) | taman kanak-kanak (TK) |
| kitchen towel | tuala dapur, kain pinggan, kain pinggan mangkuk | serbet dapur, kain lap |
| kinetic energy | tenaga kinetik | energi kinetik, tenaga gerak |
| knee level | paras lutut | setinggi lutut |
| Kyiv | Kyiv | Kiev influenced by Russian Киев (Kyiv also commonly used) |
| laboratory | makmal (from Arabic, معمل) | laboratorium (lab) (from Dutch) |
| labor camp | kem buruh paksa | kamp buruh |
| ladle (spoon) | senduk | sendok sayur, centong |
| lake | tasik | danau, telaga, tasik |
| land mine | periuk api | ranjau darat |
| landslide | tanah runtuh | tanah longsor |
| lane | lorong (means alley in Indonesian) | lajur |
| lantern | lantera, tanglung (from Cantonese) |
lentera |
| Lantern Festival | Pesta Tanglung | Festival Lampion, Festival Lentera |
| laptop | komputer riba, komputer peribadi | laptop, komputer laptop[88], komputer jinjing, komputer pangku |
| Last Supper | Santapan Terakhir | Perjamuan Malam Terakhir, Perjamuan Terakhir |
| launching | pelancaran | peluncuran |
| laundry | dobi (from Hindi) | penatu (from Javanese), binatu (nonstandard) |
| law enforcement | penguatkuasaan undang-undang | penegakan hukum |
| lawyer | peguam | pengacara (means 'master of ceremonies' in Malay), advokat from Dutch advocaat |
| least common multiple | gandaan sepunya terkecil | kelipatan persekutuan terkecil (KPK) |
| Lebanon | Lubnan from Arabic | Lebanon |
| lecturer | pensyarah (from Arabic, شرح) | dosen (from Dutch docent) |
| leek | bawang perai | bawang prei |
| legislative | perundangan (In Indonesian, it means legislation), legislatif | legislatif |
| lemon | lemon | lemon, sitrun (from Dutch, citroen), jeruk sitrun |
| lens | kanta | lensa, kanta |
| leopard | harimau bintang | macan tutul |
| lettuce | daun salad | selada, daun sla (less common) |
| liability | liabiliti | liabilitas |
| licence | lesen, izin | lisensi (from Dutch licentie), surat izin, izin (from Arabic, إذن) |
| lieutenant | leftenan (influenced by British English pronunciation) | letnan |
| life cycle | kitaran hidup | daur hidup, siklus hidup |
| lift, elevator | lif | lift, elevator[89] |
| light | lampu elektrik | lampu listrik |
| light-emitting diode | diod pemancar cahaya | dioda pemancar cahaya |
| lighter | pemetik api, laiter (informal) | korek api gas, pemantik api |
| lighthouse | rumah api | mercusuar, menara suar, menara api |
| light rapid transit (LRT) | transit aliran ringan | lintas raya terpadu (LRT), lintas rel terpadu (LRT) |
| lingua franca | bahasa perantaraan | bahasa perantara (basantara) |
| link | pautan | tautan, pranala (from Old Javanese) |
| liquefied petroleum gas | gas petroleum cecair | gas minyak cair, tabung elpiji, tabung gas, LPG |
| liquid | cecair | cairan |
| liquid-crystal display | paparan hablur cecair | penampil kristal cair |
| liquidity (economy) | kecairan | likuiditas |
| Lisbon | Lisbon | Lisboa from Portuguese, Lisabon influenced by Dutch Lissabon |
| list | senarai | daftar (from Arabic, دفتر), senarai (less common) |
| literature | kesusasteraan, persuratan, sastera | kesusastraan, sastra, literatur, kepustakaan, bahan bacaan |
| Lithuania | Lithuania | Lituania |
| lobster | udang karang | lobster |
| local | tempatan | lokal, setempat |
| longan | longan | lengkeng, mata kucing |
| loudspeaker | pembesar suara | pengeras suara, pelantang, spiker (informal) |
| lubricant | pelincir | pelumas |
| lullaby | dodoi | ninabobo |
| Luxembourg | Luxembourg | Luksemburg influenced by Dutch/German Luxemburg |
| lychee | laici | leci |
M
| English | (Malaysian) Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| Macau | Macau | Makau |
| machine gun | mesingan | senapan mesin |
| magistrate | majistret | hakim from Arabic حَكِم – used in Malay to refer to judges, magistrat (less common) |
| magic (illusion) | silap mata | sulap |
| magnet | magnet, besi berani, batu berani | magnet, besi sembrani (less common), besi berani (less common) |
| magnifying glass | kanta pembesar | kaca pembesar, lup (from Dutch, loep), suryakanta (from Sanskrit) |
| Mainland China | Tanah besar China | Tiongkok Daratan |
| maintenance | penyelenggaraan | pemeliharaan, perawatan |
| Maldives | Maldives | Maladewa |
| male | lelaki, laki-laki, jantan (for animals, depending on the context, it can mean masculine or used as a derogatory term on men) | laki-laki, pria, lelaki, jantan (on animals, used on men to describe masculinity) |
| malfunction | kerosakan, malfungsi, pincang tugas | kerusakan, malafungsi |
| malnutrition | malpemakanan, malnutrisi | malnutrisi, malanutrisi, malagizi, gizi buruk |
| malpractice | penyelewengan (means "misappropriation" in Indonesian) | malapraktik |
| management | pengurusan | manajemen, pengelolaan, pengurusan (rare) |
| manager | pengurus | manajer, pengelola, pengurus |
| mandarin orange | limau mandarin | jeruk mandarin |
| mantis | mentadak, mentadu, cengkadak | belalang sentadu, belalang sembah, cangcorang |
| manufacturing | pengilangan | manufaktur |
| marble | guli | kelereng |
| March (month) | Mac | Maret influenced by Dutch maart |
| marker pen | pen penanda | spidol |
| Mars (planet) | Marikh (from Arabic, المريخ) | Mars (from Dutch, Mars) |
| mashed potato | kentang lecek | kentang tumbuk |
| mass | jisim (from Arabic, جسم) | massa |
| mass murder | pembunuhan beramai-ramai | pembunuhan massal |
| massage | urut | pijat, pijit, urut |
| mass rapid transit (MRT) | transit aliran massa | moda raya terpadu (MRT) |
| master of ceremonies (MC) | pengacara, juruacara |
pembawa acara, pemandu acara, pewara |
| match | mancis (from English, matches) | korek api |
| material | bahan | bahan (also means "ingredient" in Indonesian), material (of building material) |
| materials science | sains bahan | ilmu bahan, ilmu material |
| mathematics | matematik, ilmu hisab (from Arabic, علم الحساب) | matematika, ilmu hitung, ilmu hisab only used in Islamic text books |
| mathematics (discrete) | matematik diskret | matematika diskret |
| mathematics (logic) | logik matematik | logika matematika |
| matter | jirim | materi |
| mattress | tilam | kasur, matras |
| Mawlid | Maulidur Rasul | Maulid, Maulid Nabi |
| mayor | datuk bandar | wali kota |
| mean (verb) | bererti | berarti |
| measuring cup | cawan sukat[90] | gelas ukur,[91] gelas takar |
| mechanical pencil | pensel mekanikal, pensil pendorong | pensil mekanik, pensil cetekan |
| mediation | pengantaraan (In Indonesian, it means "broking") | mediasi, penengahan |
| medical | perubatan | medis, kedokteran, pengobatan, perobatan (rare) |
| medical diagnosis | diagnosis perubatan | diagnosis medis |
| medicine | ubat | obat |
| meeting | mesyuarat (from Arabic, مُشَاوَرَةٌ) | pertemuan, rapat |
| member of parliament | ahli parlimen | anggota parlemen |
| memory card | kad ingatan | kartu memori |
| mental arithmetic | congak | aritmetika cepat, congak |
| mental disorder | kecelaruan mental | gangguan jiwa, gangguan mental |
| Mentha | pudina | min, pudina |
| method | kaedah | metode, kaidah |
| Mercury (planet) | Utarid (from Arabic, عطارد) | Merkurius (from Dutch, Mercurius) |
| message | mesej | pesan |
| Messiah | Al-Masih (from Arabic, المسيح) | Almasih (from Arabic), Mesias (from Dutch, Messias) |
| metabolic waste | kumuhan metabolik | zat sisa metabolisme |
| Mexico | Mexico | Meksiko |
| Mid-Autumn Festival | Perayaan Kuih Bulan | Festival Pertengahan Musim Gugur, Festival Kue Bulan |
| mile | batu (means "stone" in Indonesian. "stone" is an alternative meaning of "batu" in Malay) | mil |
| military | tentera, ketenteraan, militari | militer (from French militaire through Dutch militair), kemiliteran, ketentaraan |
| minibus | bas mini | bus mini, minibus |
| mining | perlombongan | pertambangan |
| mineral (nutrient) | zat galian, mineral | mineral |
| minute | minit | menit |
| miracle | keajaiban (from Arabic, عجائب) | mukjizat (from Arabic, معجزة), keajaiban |
| missile | peluru berpandu | peluru kendali (rudal), misil |
| missionary | mubaligh (from Arabic, مبلغ) | misionaris, pekabar |
| mist | kabus | kabut, halimun |
| mobile phone, cellphone | telefon bimbit | telepon seluler (ponsel), telepon genggam |
| molasses | molases | molase |
| molotov cocktail | bom petrol | bom molotov, bom bensin |
| moderate earthquake | gempa bumi sederhana | gempa bumi sedang |
| modern | moden | modern |
| Monaco | Monaco | Monako |
| Monday | Isnin (from Arabic, الاثنين) | Senin (from Arabic) |
| money | wang, duit | uang, duit (colloquial) |
| money laundering | pelaburan wang haram | pencucian uang |
| mop | mop | pel |
| Morocco | Maghribi (from Arabic, المغرب) | Maroko (from Dutch, Marokko) |
| mortar and pestle | alu dan lesung | cobek dan ulekan, alu dan lesung, mortar dan pestil |
| mortgage | gadai janji | hipotek (from Dutch hypotheek), gadai |
| Moscow | Moscow | Moskwa, Moskow |
| motion of no confidence | undi tidak percaya | mosi tidak percaya |
| motorcycle | motosikal, moto (informal) | sepeda motor lit. "motorized bicycle" – influenced by Dutch motorfiets, motor (informal) |
| motor vehicle theft | curi kenderaan | pencurian kendaraan bermotor (curanmor) |
| mountain range | banjaran | pegunungan |
| Mozambique | Mozambique | Mozambik |
| Mrs. | Puan (Pn.) | Ibu (Bu), Nyonya (Ny.) |
| multilingualism | pelbagai bahasa, berbilang bahasa | multibahasa, aneka bahasa, berbagai bahasa, multilingualisme |
| multiplication | pendaraban (from Arabic, ضرب) | perkalian |
| multiplication table | sifir (from Arabic, صفر) | daftar perkalian, tabel perkalian |
| mung bean | kacang hijau | kacang hijau, kacang ijo (nonstandard) |
| municipal solid waste | sisa pepejal perbandaran | limbah padat perkotaan |
| music | muzik | musik |
| musical ensemble | kumpulan muzik | ansambel musik |
| musical film | filem muzikal | film musikal |
| musical theatre | teater muzikal | teater musikal |
| musician | ahli muzik, pemuzik | pemusik, musisi, musikus |
| mushroom | cendawan | jamur |
| mushroom sauce | sos cendawan | saus jamur |
N
| English | (Malaysian) Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| naked | bogel, telanjang | telanjang, bugil |
| napa cabbage | kubis cina | sawi putih |
| natural | semulajadi | alami (from Arabic, عالمي), natural |
| natural rubber | getah asli | karet alami |
| natural science | sains semula jadi | ilmu pengetahuan alam (IPA), ilmu alam |
| naval mine | Periuk api laut | ranjau laut |
| navigation | pandu arah, navigasi | navigasi |
| navy | tentera laut | angkatan laut |
| necessary | perlu (from Arabic, فرض) | butuh (means "penis" in Malay), perlu |
| neckerchief | skarf (from English) | halsduk (from Dutch), setangan leher |
| necklace | rantai leher | kalung |
| negotiation | perundingan | perundingan, negosiasi |
| neighbor | jiran (from Arabic, الجيران) (means Malaysia as country in Indonesian)[92] | tetangga |
| Neptune (planet) | Neptun | Neptunus (from Dutch, Neptunus) |
| netizen | netizen, warga siber | warganet, netizen |
| network | rangkaian (means circuit in Indonesian) | jaringan, jejaring |
| New Zealand | New Zealand | Selandia Baru (influenced by Dutch: Zeeland; or from Latin: Zeelandia) |
| newspaper | surat khabar coined from two Arabic words: ṣūrat – صورة / صورت (form, appearance) and khabar خبر (news), akbhar[93] | surat kabar (more formal – lit. news letter), koran (from French courant through Dutch, Krant in modern Dutch, but Koerant in Afrikaans) |
| Nicosia | Nicosia | Nikosia |
| nil | nil | nol from Dutch nul |
| noise pollution | pencemaran bunyi | pencemaran suara, pencemaran bunyi, polusi suara |
| noisy | bising, kecoh in Indonesian means "disturb" or "distract", memekak | berisik, bising, ribut |
| nomad | nomad | nomaden |
| noon | tengah hari | siang |
| North Macedonia | Macedonia Utara | Makedonia Utara |
| Northern Cyprus | Republik Turki Cyprus Utara | Siprus Utarа |
| Norway | Norway | Norwegia |
| notebook computer | komputer buku nota[94] | komputer pangku[94] |
| noun | kata nama | kata benda, nomina (from Latin, nomina) |
| nuclear weapon | senjata nuklear | senjata nuklir |
| number | nombor | angka, nomor (from Dutch nummer), bilangan |
| nurse | jururawat | perawat, suster from Dutch zuster (only for female nurse), bruder from Dutch broeder (only for male nurse), ners |
| nut (fruit) | kekeras, kacang | buah geluk, buah keras, kacang pohon |
| nut (hardware) | nat | mur (from Dutch) |
| nutrient | nutrien | (zat) hara, nutrien |
| nutrition | pemakanan | nutrisi, gizi (from Arabic, غذاء), permakanan (less common) |
O
| English | (Malaysian) Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| observation | pemerhatian, pencerapan | pengamatan, pemerhatian (rare), observasi |
| obtuse angle | sudut cakah | sudut tumpul |
| ocean | lautan | samudra (from Sanskrit, समुद्र), lautan rarely used in formal situation |
| Oceania | Oceania | Oseania |
| octal | perlapanan | oktal, (bilangan) berbasis delapan, (bilangan) serba delapan, (bilangan) berdasar delapan, perdelapanan (rare) |
| office | pejabat | kantor (from Dutch kantoor) |
| officer | pegawai, kakitangan (a negative connotation usually means accomplice in criminal activity in Indonesian) | petugas |
| official (adj.) | rasmi (from Arabo-Persian rasmi رَسمِي) | resmi (also from rasmi) |
| offline | luar talian | luar jaringan (luring) |
| old age | umur tua | masa tua, lansia |
| Old City of Jerusalem | Kota Lama Baitulmuqaddis | Kota Tua Yerusalem |
| Olympic | Olimpik | Olimpiade |
| online | dalam talian | dalam jaringan (daring) |
| operating system | sistem pengendalian | sistem operasi |
| opposition | pembangkang (means "defiance" in Indonesian) | oposisi, penentang |
| option | pilihan, opsyen (rare) | pilihan, opsi |
| orange (colour) | jingga, oren | jingga, oranye (from Dutch oranje), oren (informal) |
| orange (fruit) | oren, limau | jeruk |
| order (instruction) | order, perintah | perintah |
| organization | pertubuhan, organisasi | organisasi |
| oscillation | ayunan | osilasi, ayunan |
| outer space | angkasa lepas (from Sanskrit, आकाश) | luar angkasa, ruang angkasa, angkasa luar, antariksa (from Sanskrit, अन्तरिक्ष) |
| oven | ketuhar | oven, pemanggang (also means "grill" in Indonesian), pemanggang roti, panggangan |
| oyster sauce | sos tiram | saus tiram |
P
| English | (Malaysian) Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| Pacific Ocean | Lautan Pasifik, Lautan Teduh | Samudra Pasifik |
| packaging | bungkusan | kemasan |
| paintbrush | berus cat | kuas cat (from Dutch, kwast) |
| Palestine Liberation Organization | Pertubuhan Pembebasan Palestin | Organisasi Pembebasan Palestina |
| Palestinian National Authority | Pihak Berkuasa Palestin | Otoritas Nasional Palestina, Pihak Berwenang Palestina |
| Palestine | Palestin | Palestina |
| Palestine (state) | Negara Palestin | Negara Palestina |
| pancake | penkek, lempeng (means "plate/slab" in Indonesian) | panekuk (from Dutch, pannekoek), kue dadar |
| papaya (fruit) | (buah) betik (from Arabic, بطيخ) | pepaya |
| Papua New Guinea | Papua New Guinea | Papua Nugini, Papua Guinea Baru |
| paragliding | luncur layar | paralayang |
| parachute | payung terjun | parasut, payung udara (less common) |
| parachuting | terjun udara | terjun payung |
| paragraph | perenggan | paragraf (from Dutch, paragraaf), gugus kalimat, alinea (from Dutch, alinea) |
| parallel | selari | sejajar, paralel |
| parallelogram | segi empat selari | jajaran genjang |
| parent | ibu bapa, induk (of animals, plants, etc.) |
orang tua, induk (of animals, plants, etc.) |
| parking brake, or handbrake lever[54] | brek tangan | tuas rem tangan,[54] rem parkir, rem tangan |
| parking space | tempat letak kereta, tempat letak kenderaan, parkir (from Dutch through Indonesian) |
tempat parkir (from Dutch, parkeren), parkiran |
| parliament | parlimen | parlemen (from Franco-Dutch parlement) |
| parliamentary system | sistem berparlimen | sistem parlementer |
| parsley | pasli | peterseli |
| particle | zarah (from Arabic, ذرة) | partikel, zarah (from Arabic) |
| party (political) | parti | partai (from Dutch partij) |
| passport | pasport | paspor |
| password | kata laluan | kata sandi |
| pasteurization | pempasteuran | pasteurisasi, pemasteuran |
| patient | pesakit (means convict in Indonesian) | pasien (from Dutch pronunciation of patiënt) |
| patrol | ronda (from Portuguese, ronda) | patroli (for police and military) (from Dutch patrouille), ronda (for civilian) |
| pavement, sidewalk | jalan pinggir, jalur jalan untuk pejalan kaki, laluan jalan kaki, kaki lima (In Indonesia, it is used in pedagang kaki lima (street vendor)) tepi jalan | trotoar (from Franco-Dutch trottoir), pinggir jalan, tepi jalan, pematang jalan |
| pawn (chess) | bidak (from Arabic, بيدق) | bidak (from Arabic), pion (from Dutch) |
| pea | kacang pis | kacang polong, ercis (from Dutch, erwtjes), kacang kapri |
| peace | kedamaian, keamanan (from Arabic, أمان) (means "safety or security" in Indonesian) | perdamaian, kedamaian, ketenangan |
| peach | pic | persik (from Dutch, perzik) |
| peekaboo | cak, cak-ba, ba-cak | cilukba |
| peer review | ulasan sejawat | penelaahan sejawat, penilaian sejawat |
| pencil | pensel | pensil, potlot (from Dutch, potlood) (less common) |
| pencil case | bekas pensel | kotak pensil |
| pendant | loket | liontin |
| penis | zakar from Arabic ذَكَر "male"- this word is extremely vulgar in Indonesian, "buah zakar" means testicles, batang lelaki, konek (slang), butuh (vulgar) | penis (formal), zakar (from Arabic, less frequent), pelir, alat kelamin laki-laki (euphemism), kemaluan laki-laki (euphemism), burung (vulgar), titit (children's slang like "pee-pee"), kontol (slang, extremely vulgar) |
| pentathlon | pentatlon | pancalomba |
| penthouse | megapuri | griya tawang |
| pepper | lada benggala | paprika |
| percent | peratus | persen (%), perseratus (less common, usually used when compared per mille) (100/100) |
| perfume | haruman, minyak wangi | parfum (from Dutch), minyak wangi |
| performing arts | seni persembahan | seni pertunjukan |
| periodic | berkala | berkala, periodik |
| periodic table | jadual berkala | tabel periodik |
| Persia | Parsi (from Persian, فارس) | Persia, Parsi |
| Personal Computer (PC) | komputer peribadi | komputer pribadi |
| pest (organism) | makhluk perosak | hama |
| petri dish | piring Petri | cawan petri |
| petroleum | petroleum | minyak bumi |
| pharmacist | ahli farmasi | apoteker |
| pharmacy | farmasi | apotek (from Dutch apotheek), farmasi (usually for medicine manufacturers) |
| philosophy | falsafah (from Arabic, فلسفة) | filsafat (from Arabic, فلسفة), falsafah, filosofi (from Dutch, filosofie) |
| philosophy of mathematics | falsafah matematik | filsafat matematika |
| phonograph record | piring hitam | piringan hitam |
| photograph | gambar (In Indonesian, it means "picture" or "figure"), foto | foto (lit. photo) potret |
| physical therapy | terapi fizikal | fisioterapi, terapi fisik |
| physics | fizik (Indonesian equivalent term, fisik, is used for term physical, e.g. aktivitas fisik [physical activity]) | fisika |
| pickpocket noun | penyeluk saku | copet (portmanteau of colong dompet, "wallet thief"), pencopet |
| pickup truck | trak, lori pikap |
mobil bak terbuka,[58] mobil pikap, mobil losbak, truk pikap |
| pie chart | carta pai | diagram lingkaran |
| pig, swine | babi khinzir from Arabic خِنْزِير (khin-zeer) | babi |
| pink | merah jambu, merah samar |
merah muda, merah jambu |
| pipe | paip | pipa |
| piracy (media) | cetak rompak | pembajakan |
| pirate (maritime) | lanun | bajak laut, perompak (perompak in Malay, means "robber"), lanun (archaic) |
| plan | rancangan (more often interpreted as "design" in Indonesian), pelan (means slow in Indonesian) | rencana |
| plastic bag | beg plastik | kantong plastik, kantong keresek |
| plate (dishware) | pinggan (from Classical Persian, پنگان) | piring |
| platform (train) | platform | peron from Dutch perron |
| playing card | daun terup | kartu permainan, kartu remi |
| pliers | playar | tang (from Dutch, tang) |
| plot (narrative) | plot | alur cerita, plot |
| plug (electrical connectors) | palam | colokan, steker (from Dutch) |
| poached egg | telur carak | telur poser, telur apung |
| Poland | Poland | Polandia |
| police | polis (means "insurance policy" (polis asuransi) in Indonesian) | polisi from Dutch politie |
| police station | balai polis | kantor polisi |
| policy | polisi, dasar | kebijakan, kebijaksanaan, polis (for insurance) |
| political demonstration | tunjuk perasaan | unjuk rasa, demonstrasi (demo) |
| politician | ahli politik | politikus, politisi |
| polling | pengundian, tinjauan pendapat | jajak pendapat (japat) |
| pollution | pencemaran | pencemaran, polusi |
| pomelo | limau bali | jeruk bali |
| portion | sebahagian | porsi, sebagian (a portion of...) |
| Portugal | Portugal | Portugis, Portugal |
| postman | posmen | tukang pos |
| post code | poskod | kode pos |
| postharvest | lepas tuai | pascapanen |
| potential | keupayaan, potensi, | potensial, daya berkemampuan |
| powdered milk | susu tepung | susu bubuk |
| power station | stesen kuasa | pembangkit listrik |
| power supply unit | unit bekalan kuasa | unit catu daya, unit pasokan daya |
| Prague | Prague | Praha (also used in Malay) |
| prayer (Islam) | solat (from Arabic, صلاة), sembahyang | salat (standard), sholat (nonstandard), sembahyang |
| prayer room (Islam) | surau, bilik solat | ruang salat, ruang doa, musala (from Arabic, مُصَلًّى), mushola (nonstandard) |
| precipitation | pemendakan, kerpasan | presipitasi, pengendapan, curah hujan, curahan |
| prediction | ramalan (from Arabic, رمل) (means "forecast" in Indonesian) | prediksi, prakiraan (not perkiraan estimation) |
| premature | pramatang | prematur, pradini |
| preparation | penyediaan (means "to supply" in Indonesian) | persiapan, penyiapan |
| preposition | kata sendi nama | kata depan, preposisi |
| presidential system | sistem berpresiden | sistem presidensial |
| printed circuit board | papan litar tercetak | papan sirkuit cetak |
| press | akhbar (from Arabic, أخبار), surat khabar (see above) | pers (from Dutch), media massa |
| priest | paderi (from Portuguese, padre) | imam (from Arabic, امام) (also means imam in Indonesian), pastor (from Dutch, pastoor), padri (from Portuguese) |
| primary education | pendidikan rendah | pendidikan dasar |
| primary school | sekolah rendah | sekolah dasar (SD) |
| prince | putera (from Sanskrit) (equivalent term in Indonesian is putra means son) | pangeran |
| principal | guru besar (means professor in Indonesian) | kepala sekolah |
| printer (computing) | pencetak, pencetak komputer | pencetak, mesin cetak, printer (informal) |
| prisoner | banduan | tahanan |
| Private Limited Company | Sendirian Berhad abbreviated as Sdn Bhd (suffix), "sendirian" alone means "alone" | Perseroan Terbatas abbreviated as PT (prefix) |
| private university | universiti swasta | universitas swasta |
| privatization | penswastaan | privatisasi, swastanisasi, penswastaan |
| probability (mathematics) | kebarangkalian | peluang, kebolehjadian, probabilitas |
| producer | pengeluar, penerbit, penghasil | penghasil, produsen (from Dutch producent), produser (mainly refers to musical producers) |
| product | keluaran | produk (from English and Dutch product), hasil (from Arabic, حَاصِلٌ), keluaran (more specific term for outcome) |
| programming (computer) | pengaturcaraan | pemrograman, penataolahan (obsolete) |
| projectile | projektil | proyektil |
| property (economics) | harta | properti, harta benda |
| propulsion | perejangan | propulsi, pendorongan, penggerakan |
| prosecutor | pendakwa raya | jaksa (from Sanskrit) |
| prostitute | pelacur, perempuan sundal (vulgar) | pelacur, wanita tunasusila (WTS) (Sanskrit, pronounced 'way-tay-es', i.e. "moral-less women"), pekerja seks komersial (PSK) (formal, pronounced 'pay-es-ka' (commercial sex workers)), perek (slang) |
| prostitution | pelacuran | prostitusi (from Dutch prostitutie), pelacuran |
| protest | bantahan (means "rebuttal" in Indonesian) | protes, unjuk rasa, demonstrasi (demo) |
| protractor | jangka sudut | busur derajat |
| province | wilayah (from Arabic, ولاية) (used in Indonesian to mean 'area'), daerah (from Arabic, دائرة) (used in Indonesian to mean 'area') | provinsi (from Dutch provincie) |
| puberty | akil baligh | pubertas, akil balig |
| publication | penerbitan | penerbitan, publikasi, terbitan |
| public | awam (from Arabic, عَوَامٌّ) | publik, umum (from Arabic, عموم), masyarakat (from Arabic, مشاركة) |
| public space | ruang awam | tempat umum, ruang publik |
| public health | kesihatan awam | kesehatan masyarakat (kesmas) |
| public health center | pusat kesihatan awam | pusat kesehatan masyarakat (puskesmas) |
| public relation | perhubungan awam | hubungan masyarakat (humas) |
| pulley | kapi | katrol (from Dutch), kerek |
| push, to (door) | tolak (It used as in tolak peluru (shot put) in Indonesian for this contex, used less primarily in Indonesian to mean 'subtract', it also means 'to refuse/reject', also common meaning in Malay when used in arithmetics) | dorong (means "to push" in Malay, but often used to mean "to support") |
| puzzle | teka-teki | teka-teki, tebakan |
| pyramid (geometry) | piramid | limas, piramida |
Q–R
| English | (Malaysian) Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| queue (line) | barisan (means line "formation" in Indonesian) | antrean (from Dutch aantreden or in de rij) |
| Rabbi | Rabai | Rabi |
| rabbit | arnab (from Arabic, أرنب) | kelinci (from Dutch konijn) |
| race (human categorization) | kaum (from Arabic, قوم) | ras, suku bangsa, rumpun bangsa |
| racial segregation | pengasingan kaum | segregasi ras |
| radiation | sinaran | radiasi |
| railway track | landasan kereta api | rel, rel kereta |
| rake (kind of gardening tools) | pencakar[95], gurit[95] | penggaru[96], garu[95], garuk[95] |
| Random-Access Memory (RAM) | Ingatan Capaian Rawak | Memori Akses Acak |
| ransomware | perisian tebusan | perangkat pemeras |
| rape | perogolan | pemerkosaan, rudapaksa |
| raspberry | raspberi | frambos (from Dutch framboos), rasberi |
| rat | tikus[97] | tikus pondok, tikus[96] |
| ratio | nisbah (from Arabic, نسبة) | rasio, nisbah, perbandingan |
| reaction (chemical) | tindak balas kimia | reaksi kimia |
| Read-Only Memory (ROM) | Ingatan Baca Sahaja | Memori Hanya Baca |
| real estate | hartanah | realestat, properti tanah, lahan yasan |
| reality | realiti | kenyataan, realitas, realita (nonstandard) |
| rearview mirror[98] (inside car part) | cermin pandang belakang[99] | kaca spion, spion[98] |
| receipt | resit, penerimaan | kuitansi (from Dutch kwitantie), resi (from Franco-Dutch reçu), bon from Dutch, setruk (from Dutch strook), tanda terima |
| recession (economy) | kemelesetan (In Indonesian, it means "mishit") | resesi (from Dutch recessie), kelesuan (ekonomi) |
| recipe | resepi | resep masakan |
| reclamation | tebus guna | reklamasi (from Dutch reclamatie) |
| recommendation | cadangan, syoran (from Arabic, شُوْرَى) | rekomendasi, saran, anjuran |
| record label | syarikat rakaman | label rekaman |
| recruitment | pergerakan (In Indonesian, it means "movement"), pengambilan (In Indonesian, it means "taking") | perekrutan, rekrutmen |
| rectangle | segi empat tepat | persegi panjang |
| recycling | kitar semula | daur ulang |
| redox | tindak balas redoks | reaksi redoks |
| reference | rujukan (from Arabic, رجوع) | rujukan (from Arabic), acuan, referensi (from Dutch) |
| reforestation | penghutanan semula | reboisasi (from Dutch, reboisatie), penghijauan kembali, penghutanan kembali, reforestasi |
| refraction | pembiasan | pembiasan, refraksi (from Dutch refractie) |
| refrigerator | peti sejuk lit. cool box (rarely used in Indonesian), peti ais, almari ais | lemari es, lemari pendingin (lit. cooler closet), kulkas (from Dutch koelkast) |
| rehearsal | raptai | gladi bersih, gladi resik |
| relay race | lumba berganti-ganti | estafet (from Dutch), lomba beranting (less common) |
| Religion | agama, ugama (widely used before the 80s) | agama, kepercayaan |
| Religious music | Muzik keagamaan | Musik religi, Musik keagamaan |
| remote control | alat kawalan jauh | pengendali jarak jauh, remot (colloquial) |
| renovation | pengubahsuaian | renovasi (from Dutch renovatie) |
| repentance | taubat (from Arabic, التوبة) | pertobatan |
| reproduction | pembiakan | reproduksi, perkembangbiakan, pembiakan (also means "breeding") |
| research | kajian (means research or investigation result in Indonesian), penyelidikan | penelitian, riset |
| research and development | penyelidikan dan pembangunan | penelitian dan pengembangan (litbang) |
| research university | universiti penyelidikan | universitas penelitian |
| responsibility | tanggungjawab | tanggung jawab, pertanggungjawaban |
| reservoir | takungan | waduk, reservoir |
| resistor | perintang | resistor, hambatan, perintang |
| response | tindak balas, gerak balas, jawapan (from Arabic, جواب), respons | tanggapan, jawaban (from Arabic, جواب), respons |
| restaurant | kedai makan lit. "eating shop", restoran | rumah makan lit. "eating house", warung makan lit. "eating café", restoran |
| restrictions | penakatan | pembatasan |
| retail | runcit | eceran, ritel, retail, ketengan |
| retired | bersara | pensiun, purnatugas, purnabakti, purnakarya, purnawira (for military and police) |
| Retreat (spiritual) | percutian kerohanian | retret |
| reversing light | lampu undur[100] | lampu mundur[101] |
| rhombus | rombus | belah ketupat, wajik |
| rhythm | rentak | irama ritme |
| rhythmic gymnastics | gimnastik berirama | senam irama, senam ritmik |
| rib | (tulang) rusuk | (tulang) rusuk, (tulang) iga |
| rice cooker | pemasak nasi | penanak nasi |
| rifle | raifal | senapan |
| rifle (sniper) | raifal penembak tepat | senapan runduk, senapan penembak jitu |
| right angle | sudut tegak | sudut siku-siku |
| right triangle | segi tiga sudut tegak | segitiga siku-siku |
| riot | rusuhan | kerusuhan |
| ring (mathematics) | gelanggang | ring, gelanggang |
| rings of Saturn | gegelang Zuhal | cincin Saturnus |
| road surface marking | penandaan permukaan jalan raya | markah jalan |
| rob | rompak (Indonesian for "to commit piracy") | rampok, rampas |
| Rome | Rom | Roma |
| Roman (demonym) | Rom | Romawi |
| romantic comedy | komedi romantik | komedi romantis |
| roller coaster | roller coaster | kereta luncur |
| room | bilik (usually means "compartment" in Indonesian) | ruang or ruangan (from Javanese), kamar (from Dutch kamer), |
| roundabout (traffic) | bulatan e.g. Bulatan Dato Onn in Kuala Lumpur pusing keliling (in Brunei) | bundaran e.g. Bundaran HI in Jakarta |
| routing | penghalaan | perutean |
| royal | diraja | kerajaan (in Malaysia and Brunei means "kingdom" or "government") |
| rubber | getah may also mean gum or sap or resin in both languages, also figure of speech for "cause of bad deed" | karet |
| euclidean geometry | geometri euclid | geometri euklides |
| rugby football | bola sepak ragbi | sepak bola rugbi |
| ruler | pembaris | penggaris, mistar (from Arabic, مسطر) |
| rumour | khabar angin, desas-desus | rumor, desas-desus, kabar angin, kabar burung |
S
| English | (Malaysian) Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| sacrifice | korban (from Arabic, قربان) | kurban (from Arabic) |
| safe | peti besi | brankas (from Dutch, brandkast) |
| safety | keselamatan (from Arabic, سلامة) | keamanan (from Arabic, أمان) (means "peace" in Malay), keselamatan (from Arabic) |
| safety or shoulder belt[102] | tali pinggang keledar, tali pinggang keselamatan |
sabuk pengaman |
| sailor | kelasi (from Classical Persian خلاصی) | pelaut, awak kapal |
| salty | masin | asin, masin (rare) |
| salute | tabik hormat | salam hormat, salut |
| sandwich | sandwic | roti lapis, roti isi, roti apit (less common) |
| Sanskrit | Sanskrit (from English Sanskrit) | Sanskerta (from Sanskrit संस्कृत saṃskṛtá) |
| sapote | ciku | sawo |
| sardine | sardin | sarden |
| Saturn (planet) | Zuhal (from Arabic, زحل) | Saturnus (from Dutch, Saturnus) |
| sauce | sos | saus (from Dutch saus) |
| scale | penimbang | timbangan |
| sausage | sosej | sosis (from Dutch saucijs) |
| scalene triangle | segi tiga tak sama kaki | segitiga sembarang |
| scanning | pengimbasan | pemindaian |
| scarf | skarf | syal (from Persian, شال) |
| scenario | senario | skenario (from Dutch scenario) |
| school (Islamic) | sekolah pondok | madrasah (from Arabic, مدرسة), pesantren, pondok pesantren (ponpes) |
| science | sains | ilmu (from Arabic, علم), sains (especially for "natural science"), ilmu pengetahuan |
| science fiction | fiksyen sains, cereka sains | fiksi ilmiah |
| scientific | saintifik | ilmiah (from Arabic, عِلْمِيَّةٌ), saintifik |
| scientific journal | jurnal saintifik | jurnal ilmiah |
| scientist | ahli sains | ilmuwan |
| Scotland | Scotland | Skotlandia |
| scouting | kepengakapan | kepramukaan, kepanduan |
| scrambled eggs | telur hancur | telur orak-arik |
| screen printing | cetak saring | sablon (from Dutch, sjabloon) |
| screw | skru | sekrup (from Dutch) |
| screwdriver | pemutar skru | obeng |
| seasoning | perasa | bumbu, pembumbuan |
| seaweed | rumpai laut | rumput laut, ganggang laut, gulma laut |
| second (unit) | saat (from Arabic, ساعة) | detik, sekon |
| Second Council of Nicaea | Majlis Kedua Nicea | Konsili Nikea Kedua |
| secret | rahsia | rahasia (from Sanskrit) |
| secretary | setiausaha Indonesian lit. "loyal to work" | sekretaris (from Dutch secretaris), panitera (also means "clerk" in Indonesian) |
| secretariat | sekretariat, urus setia | sekretariat, kepaniteraan |
| section | seksyen, bahagian | seksi (from Dutch sectie), bagian |
| security | keselamatan (from Arabic, سلامة), keterjaminan, sekuriti | keamanan (from Arabic, أمان) (means "peace" in Malay), jaminan, ketahanan |
| security guard | pengawal keselamatan | satuan pengamanan (satpam) |
| sedimentary rock | batuan enapan | batuan sedimen, batuan endapan |
| sedimentation | pemendapan | sedimentasi, pengendapan |
| seesaw | jongkang-jongket | jungkat-jungkit |
| semi-presidential republic | sistem separa-presiden | sistem semipresidensial |
| sensor | penderia, pengesan, sensor | sensor, pengindra |
| sentence | ayat (from Arabic, آية) | kalimat (from Arabic, كلمة) |
| sequence (mathematics) | jujukan | barisan |
| series (mathematics) | siri | deret |
| sermon | khutbah (from Arabic, خطبة) | khotbah (from Arabic) |
| server (computing) | pelayan | server, peladen |
| service | perkhidmatan (from Arabic, خدمة) | layanan, jasa (from Sanskrit) |
| sesame oil | minyak bijan | minyak wijen |
| session | sesyen, sesi (from Dutch through Indonesian) | sesi (from Dutch sessie) |
| set theory | teori set | teori himpunan |
| settlement | penempatan, petempatan |
permukiman (from Arabic, مقيم) |
| setting | tetapan | pengaturan, setelan (from Dutch stel, stellen) |
| sewage treatment | rawatan kumbahan | pengolahan limbah |
| sewer | pembetung | saluran pembuangan, selokan |
| sexagesimal | perenampuluhan | seksagesimal, (bilangan) berbasis enam puluh, (bilangan) serba enam puluh, (bilangan) berdasar enam puluh, perenampuluhan (rare) |
| shampoo | syampu (from Anglo-Indian / Hindustani chāmpo, the imperative form of (Hindi) चाँप्ना chāmpnā 'to smear, knead the muscles, massage') | sampo, keramas |
| share (verb) | berkongsi (In Indonesian, it means "creating trading company" or "plotting something bad") (from Hokkien) | berbagi |
| shark | jerung, ikan yu | hiu |
| shark attack | serangan jerung | serangan hiu |
| sheep | kambing biri-biri, biri-biri (from Persian, بره), bebiri | domba (from Persian, دنباله), biri-biri |
| shirt | baju (also in Indonesian but more generally refers to clothes) (from Classical Persian, بازو) | kaus, kemeja (from Portuguese camisa, implies collared shirt) |
| shoe | kasut (generalized term for any footwear in Indonesian, but usually related to sandals or ancient shoes), sepatu | sepatu (understood but less frequently used in Malaysia, from Portuguese sapato) |
| shop | kedai (means eateries stall in Indonesia) (from Tamil கடை) | toko (from Hokkien), warung, kedai (from Tamil) |
| shoplifting | pencurian kedai, pelesapan kedai | pengutilan |
| shopping mall | pusat beli-belah | mal, pusat perbelanjaan |
| short circuit | litar pintas | korsleting (from Dutch, kortsluiting), konsleting (konslet) (nonstandard), hubungan arus pendek |
| shotgun | senapang patah | senapan gentel |
| shot put | lontar peluru | tolak peluru |
| shoulder | bahu | bahu, pundak |
| shovel | penyodok | sekop lengkung, sekop (from Dutch) |
| shrimp paste | belacan | terasi, belacan |
| shuttle bus | bas ulang-alik | bus antar jemput, bus ulang-alik |
| side marker light (in exterior car part) | lampu penanda sisi,[103] lampu penanda sampingan[103] | lampu tepi[101] |
| sightseeing | bersiar-siar | tamasya (from Persian, تماشا) (equivalent term in Malay is temasya means parade, show, fair, carnival) |
| signal | isyarat (from Arabic, الإشارة) | sinyal (from Dutch, signaal), isyarat (of gesture) |
| simple machine | mesin ringkas | pesawat sederhana |
| single (music) | single | singel |
| sink | singki[104] | bak cuci,[44] wastafel (from Dutch), wasbak (from Dutch) |
| sister city | bandar kembar | kota kembar |
| site (internet) | tapak (means foundation (building) or footprint in Indonesia) | situs |
| size | saiz | ukuran |
| skateboard | papan selaju | papan seluncur |
| skirt | skirt | rok (from Dutch) |
| slavery | perhambaan | perbudakan, perhambaan (less common) |
| sleeveless shirt | baju tak berlengan | kaus tanpa lengan, singlet |
| slipper | selipar | sandal, selop (from Dutch, slof) |
| Slovakia | Slovakia | Slowakia |
| small change | duit syiling | receh, uang receh, recehan, uang kecil |
| smartphone | telefon pintar | ponsel cerdas, ponsel pintar, telepon pintar |
| smoked meat | daging salai | daging asap |
| snack | snek, makanan ringan | camilan, makanan ringan, kudapan |
| social security | keselamatan sosial | jaminan sosial |
| social science | sains sosial | ilmu pengetahuan sosial (IPS), ilmu sosial |
| solar system | sistem suria | tata surya |
| sound recording | perakaman dan pengeluaran semula bunyi | perekam suara |
| snakes and ladders | ular dan tangga | ular tangga |
| snorkeling | selam paras permukaan | selam permukaan |
| snow | salji (from Arabic thalj) | salju (also from thalj) |
| snowmobile | kereta salji | mobil salju |
| soap opera | teledrama, drama lipur lara (rare or uncommon), sinetron (rare; but influenced by Indonesian language) | sinetron (portmanteau for "sinema elektronik" lit. electronic cinema), opera sabun (rare) |
| soccer table[105] | bola sepak meja[106] | sepak bola meja |
| socket (electrical connectors) | soket | stopkontak (from Dutch), soket |
| sodomy | liwat (from Arabic) | sodomi, liwat (only used in Islamic text books) |
| software | perisian | perangkat lunak |
| software engineering | kejuruteraan perisian | rekayasa perangkat lunak |
| solar | suria | surya (from Sanskrit) |
| solar energy | tenaga suria | energi surya, tenaga surya |
| solid | pepejal | padat, padatan, zat padat |
| solid-state drive | pemacu keadaan pepejal | kandar wujud padat, penggerak keadaan padat |
| solution | penyelesaian | solusi, pemecahan, penyelesaian |
| Solomon's Temple | Kuil Sulaiman, Rumah Ibadat Sulaiman | Bait Salomo |
| sorting | pengisihan | pemilahan, penyortiran |
| sound card | kad bunyi | kartu suara, kartu bunyi |
| soundtrack | runut bunyi | lagu tema jalur suara |
| soundtrack album | album runut bunyi | album lagu tema |
| sour | masam | asam, masam (poetic, usually used in connotative expressions: bermuka masam: sour faced (dissatisfied/unhappy expression)) |
| sour cream | krim masam | krim asam |
| soya beans | kacang soya | (kacang) kedelai |
| spade | penyodok | sekop datar, sekop (from Dutch, schop) |
| Spain | Sepanyol | Spanyol |
| spare part | alat ganti | suku cadang, onderdil (from Dutch) |
| speak/talk | bercakap, berbicara, bersembang, berborak | berbicara, bertutur, bercakap (less common), mengomong (from Javanese, colloquial), mengobrol, cuap-cuap |
| specialist | pakar | spesialis (in case of specialist doctor), pakar in general, it means expert |
| speech recognition | pengecaman pertuturan | pengenalan ucapan |
| speed bump | bonggol laju | polisi tidur, markah kejut, alat pembatas kecepatan |
| sphere | sfera | bola |
| spark plug | palam pencucuh | busi (from Dutch, bougie) |
| spinal column[107] or vertebra | tulang belakang | tulang punggung, tulang belakang |
| spinal cord | saraf tunjang | sumsum tulang belakang |
| sponsor | penaja | sponsor |
| spoon | sudu | sendok |
| sport | sukan | olahraga (means "athletics" Malay, from Sanskrit, lit. "to train the body") |
| spouse | pasangan suami-isteri, kelamin colloquial, in Indonesian means "sex" or "gender" | pasangan (suami istri) (pasutri), suami istri (husband-wife) |
| spring (device) | spring, pegas |
pegas, per (from Dutch, veer) |
| spring (season) | musim bunga | musim semi |
| sprinkles, or chocolate rice | urai, coklat urai |
meses (from Dutch, muisjes), cokelat beras |
| sprocket | gegancu | sproket |
| sprint (running) | lari pecut | lari cepat |
| square | segi empat sama | persegi, bujur sangkar |
| square root | punca kuasa dua | akar pangkat dua, akar kuadrat, akar persegi |
| squash (sport) | skuasy | skuas, tenis dinding |
| squat | mencangkung | berjongkok |
| squatter | setinggan | penghuni liar |
| squid | sotong (means cuttlefish in Indonesian) | cumi-cumi |
| stability | kestabilan | stabilitas, kestabilan |
| stadium | stadium | stadion from Dutch |
| staff | kakitangan (phrase "kaki tangan" means subordinate with negative image in Indonesian) | staf, personel (from Dutch personeel), pegawai |
| stainless steel | keluli tahan karat | baja nirkarat, stainless steel (informal) |
| stamp | setem | stempel, prangko (from Dutch franco) |
| standard | standard, piawai | standar, baku |
| standardization | pemiawaian, penstandardan | standardisasi, pembakuan, penstandaran |
| standard operating procedure (SOP) | prosedur operasi standard, tata cara pengendalian piawai | prosedur operasi standar (POS), prosedur operasional standar (POS), tata cara kerja baku |
| staple food | makanan ruji | makanan pokok |
| stapler | pengokot | stapler, pengokot, staples, jegrekan, ceklekan, hekter (informal) |
| starfish | tapak Sulaiman | bintang laut |
| state (within a federation) | negeri | negara bagian |
| state budget | belanjawan negeri, bajet negeri | anggaran pendapatan dan belanja negara (APBN) |
| state school | sekolah kerajaan | sekolah negeri |
| statement | kenyataan (means "reality" in Indonesian), penyata | pernyataan, laporan (also means "report" in Indonesian) |
| statistics | perangkaan, statistik | statistika |
| station | stesen | stasiun (formerly spelled "setasiun") |
| steak | stik | steik, bistik |
| steak tartare | stik tartar | bistik tartar, steik tartar |
| steel | keluli | baja |
| steering wheel | roda stereng | roda setir (from Dutch stuur), roda kemudi |
| stew | rendidih | setup, rebusan |
| stereotype | stereotaip | stereotipe |
| stilts | kaki kayu | egrang, jangkungan |
| stocking | stoking | kaus kaki |
| stomach | perut | perut, lambung |
| stop (verb) | berhenti | berhenti, hentikan, stop, hop, op (from Dutch) |
| storm | ribut (means "noise" in Indonesian) | badai |
| stove | dapur (means "kitchen" in Indonesian) | kompor (from Dutch, komfoor) |
| straw | straw | sedotan, pipet (informal) |
| strawberry | strawberi | stroberi, arbei (from Dutch aardbei) (obsolete) |
| street food | makanan jalanan | jajanan jalanan, makanan jalanan, kuliner jalanan |
| street racing | lumba haram, rempit (slang) | balap liar |
| stress (biology) | tekanan | stres, tekanan |
| string instrument | alat muzik bertali | alat musik dawai |
| student | pelajar, murid (from Arabic, مريد) | pelajar, siswa (from Sanskrit), peserta didik, murid (from Arabic), mahasiswa (higher education) (from Sanskrit) |
| study tour | lawatan sambil belajar | karyawisata, widyawisata |
| stupid | bodoh, bengap, tolol, bangang, bongok (slang) | bodoh, tolol, goblok, geblek, dungu, dongok, bego (slang) |
| sublimation (phase transition) | pemejalwapan | sublimasi, penyubliman |
| submachine gun | submesingan | pistol mitraliur |
| substance | bahan | zat (from Arabic, ذات), bahan, substansi (from Dutch) |
| subtitle | sari kata | takarir (from Arabic, تَقَارِيْرُ), sulih teks, subjudul, telop, subtitel (informal) |
| subtraction | penolakan (mean 'rejection' in Indonesian) | pengurangan |
| suicide attack | serangan berani mati | serangan bunuh diri |
| suitcase | beg pakaian | koper (from Dutch, koffer) |
| Sunday | Ahad (from Arabic, الأحد) | Minggu (from Portuguese Domingo which means Lord's Day), Ahad (only used in Islamic calendar) |
| sunglasses | cermin mata gelap (In Indonesia, cermin means "mirror") | kacamata hitam (lit. black glasses), kacamata riben (from 'Ray-Ban' brand of sunglasses) |
| sunny side up eggs | telur mata lembu, telur mata kerbau | telur mata sapi, telur ceplok |
| sunscreen | pelindung matahari | tabir surya |
| supermarket | pasar raya | supermarket, pasaraya, pasar swalayan (lit. self-service market) |
| Supernatural | Alam ghaib | Adikodrati, Supernatural, Supranatural |
| supervision | penyeliaan | pengawasan, penyeliaan, supervisi |
| supply | bekalan | pasokan, suplai |
| support | sokongan, sapot (informal) | dukungan, suport (informal) |
| supporter | penyokong | pendukung, suporter |
| survey | tinjauan (means process or result of observation in Indonesian), kaji selidik | survei |
| surfing | luncur air | selancar |
| surfer | peluncur air | peselancar |
| surgical mask | topeng pembedahan, pelitup muka | masker bedah |
| suspect | suspek | tersangka |
| suspend (hang) | menggantung (means 'hang' in Indonesian) | menangguhkan (also 'adjourn' in Malay) |
| Sweden | Sweden | Swedia |
| sweet potato | keledek | ubi jalar |
| switch | suis | sakelar (from Dutch, schakelaar) |
| Switzerland | Switzerland | Swiss |
| swivel chair | kerusi pusing[108] | kursi putar |
| synchronized swimming | renang berirama | renang indah, renang sinkronisasi |
| Syria | Syria | Suriah (from Arabic, سوريا) |
| syringe | picagari | alat suntik, jarum suntik |
| syrup | sirap | sirop , sirup (nonstandard), setrup (from Dutch) (less common) |
T
| English | (Malaysian) Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| Tabernacle | Maskan | Kemah Suci, Tabernakel |
| table (set of facts or figures) | jadual (Indonesian equivalent, jadwal, means "schedule") (from Arabic, جدول) | tabel (from Dutch tabel) |
| table tennis | pingpong | tenis meja, pingpong |
| Taiwan | Republik China di Taiwan | Republik Tiongkok, Taiwan |
| tank | kereta kebal | tank |
| tap (valve) | paip (from English) | keran (from Dutch kraan) |
| tap water | air paip (piped water) | air keran (from Dutch Kraan), air ledeng ("ledeng" also means "plumbing", from Dutch "leiding") |
| tape measure | pita ukur | meter ukur, meteran |
| tapioca | tepung ubi kayu | (tepung) tapioka, tepung singkong, tepung ubi kayu |
| taro | keladi cina | talas |
| tartar sauce | sos tartar | saus tartar |
| taxi | teksi | taksi |
| teacher | cikgu, guru | guru (from Sanskrit), pengajar |
| teacher (religious, Islam) | ustaz (from Arabic, أستاذ), ustad (ultimately from Persian اُستَاذ), ustadzah female | ustaz, ustad (colloquial), ustazah |
| team | pasukan used in Indonesian to refer to squad (military) | tim, regu |
| tear gas | gas pemedih mata | gas air mata |
| technical drawing | lukisan teknik | gambar teknik |
| telephone | telefon (formerly talipon) | telepon |
| television | televisyen, TV | televisi (from Dutch televisie) , TV |
| Temple in Jerusalem | Kuil Suci | Bait Allah, Bait Suci |
| Temple Mount | Bukit Kuil | Bukit Bait Suci |
| tent | khemah (from Arabic, خيمة) | tenda (from Portuguese), kemah (from Arabic) |
| term (mathematics) | sebutan | suku |
| terms | terma | ketentuan, syarat (from Arabic: syarṭ – شَرْطٌ) |
| terrorist | pengganas (means "rioter"or aggressor in Indonesian) | teroris |
| terrorism | pengganasan | terorisme |
| test tube | tabung uji | tabung reaksi |
| testicles | buah zakar, testis, buah keranjut | testis, buah zakar, biji kemaluan (slang, vulgar), kanjut (slang, vulgar) |
| Thailand | Negara Thai, Siam, Thailand | Thailand, Siam, Muangthai used in old scripts |
| The Hague | The Hague | Den Haag (from Dutch) |
| theobroma cacao | koko | kakao |
| they | mereka, diorang (colloquial) |
mereka |
| Three teachings | Tiga ajaran | Tridarma |
| thriller (genre) | genre debaran | cerita seru |
| thrust | tujahan | gaya dorong |
| ticket | tiket | tiket, karcis (from Dutch kaartje, usually refers to small-size ticket) |
| tie | tali leher | dasi (from Dutch [strop]das) |
| tile | jubin | ubin |
| time | masa, waktu | waktu from Arabic الوقت (al-Waqt), masa (can be used for 'in a specific long period of time' in Indonesian) |
| tips and trick | petuah dan cara | kiat dan siasat, tip dan trik |
| tire (US)/tyre (UK) | tayar | ban (from Dutch [auto]band) |
| tissue (biology) | tisu | jaringan |
| toaster | pembakar roti | pemanggang roti |
| toddler | kanak-kanak bertatih, todler | balita (portmanteau for "bawah lima tahun" (lit. under five years)) |
| tofu | tauhu | tahu |
| toilet | bilik air, tandas | toilet, kamar kecil, WC (pronounced 'way-say') for watercloset, kakus (from Dutch, kakhuis) |
| tomato | tomato | tomat |
| tornado | puting beliung | puting beliung, angin puyuh, tornado |
| toothbrush | berus gigi | sikat gigi |
| toothpaste | ubat gigi | pasta gigi, odol (genericized from Odol, German toothpaste brand) |
| torture | penyeksaan | penyiksaan |
| totalitarianism | totalitarianisme | totaliterisme, totalitarianisme |
| tourism | pelancongan | pariwisata, wisata, pelancongan (rare), turisme |
| tourist | pelancong | wisatawan, pelancong, turis |
| tow truck | trak tunda | mobil derek |
| towel | tuala (from Portuguese toalha) | handuk (from Dutch handdoek) |
| town hall | dewan bandar | balai kota |
| town square | medan bandar | lapangan kota, alun-alun kota (from Javanese) |
| track record | rekod | rekam jejak |
| tractor | traktor, jentarik a portmanteau for "jentera tarik" (lit. traction machinery) | traktor, mesin bajak |
| trade barrier | halangan perdagangan | hambatan perdagangan |
| traffic jam | kesesakan lalu lintas, jam (slang) | kemacetan, macet |
| traffic light | lampu isyarat (In Indonesian, isyarat means sign) | lampu lalu lintas |
| traffic sign | papan tanda lalu lintas | rambu lalu lintas |
| traffic ticket | surat saman (from English, summons) | bukti pelanggaran (commonly abbreviated as "tilang") |
| trailer (vehicle) | treler | Kereta gandeng |
| train | kereta api, tren, keretapi | kereta (api), kereta rel |
| trampolining | gimnastik trampolin | senam trampolin |
| transaction | transaksi, urus niaga | transaksi |
| transparent | telus, lut sinar | transparan (from Dutch), tembus pandang, bening, lejas (rare) |
| transparency | ketelusan, kelutsinaran | transparansi (from Dutch), ketembuspandangan, kebeningan, kelejasan (rare) |
| transportation | pengangkutan | transportasi (from American English: 'transportation'), pengangkutan or angkutan, perhubungan (in case of Ministry of Transportation) |
| transsexual | pondan, bapok (slang), transseksual | transseksual, waria (polite) a shortened form of wanita-pria , bencong, banci, wadam |
| trapezoid | trapezium | trapesium |
| trawl | pukat tunda | pukat harimau, cantrang |
| tree | pokok in Indonesian means "principal" or "core" or "staple", in Sundanese poko means authentic, e.g. authentic cuisine, pohon | pohon |
| triathlon | triatlon | trilomba |
| trick or treat | helah atau habuan | tipuan atau permen, tipuan atau suguhan, kenakalan atau permen |
| triple jump | lompat kijang | lompat jangkit |
| tripod (laboratory) | tungku kaki tiga | kaki tiga |
| trillion (1012) | trilion | triliun (from Dutch pronunciation; starting with 1012, Indonesian uses the short scale) |
| tropical | tropika | tropika, tropis |
| tropical cyclone | siklon tropika | siklon tropis |
| trousers | seluar panjang | celana panjang |
| truck (US); lorry (UK) | lori (from British English: 'lorry'), trak | truk, prahoto from Dutch vrachtauto (obsolete) |
| try | cuba | coba |
| t-shirt | kemeja-T | kaus (from Dutch, kous), kaos (nonstandard), kaus oblong |
| tunnel | terowong | terowongan |
| tug of war | tarik tali | tarik tambang |
| turkey (bird) | ayam belanda | (ayam) kalkun (from Dutch kalkoen) |
| turnip | turnip | lobak cina |
| turn | pusing (means 'to spin' in Indonesian, commonly used to mean dizzy as a short form of kepala pusing), belok | belok, putar |
| turn signal light | lampu isyarat pusing | lampu sein (from Dutch), lampu tanda belok |
| typhoon | taufan (from Arabic, طوفان) | topan (from Arabic) |
| typing | menaip (from English, type) | mengetik |
U
| English | (Malaysian) Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| ugly | hodoh, teruk, buruk | jelek, buruk |
| Ukraine | Ukraine | Ukraina |
| uncle | pakcik | paman, om (derived from Dutch, pronounced and sometimes spelt oom) |
| underbone | kapcai | sepeda motor bebek |
| underwriting | pengunderaitan, penajajaminan | penjaminan emisi |
| uninstall | nyahpasang | copot pemasangan, hapus instalan |
| uninterruptible power supply | bekalan tenaga berterusan | pasokan daya takterputus, suplai daya bebas gangguan |
| union | kesatuan (in Indonesian means "unity") | persatuan, uni, serikat (from Arabic, شركة) |
| unit | unit | satuan, unit |
| United Arab Emirates | Emiriah Arab Bersatu | Uni Emirat Arab (UEA), Persatuan Emirat Arab (PEA) |
| United Kingdom | United Kingdom | Britania Raya |
| United Nations | Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (PBB) | Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB) |
| United Nations Secretariat | Sekretariat Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu | Sekretariat Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa |
| United States of America (USA) United States (US) | Amerika Syarikat | Amerika Serikat (AS) |
| unity | perpaduan | persatuan, kesatuan, ketunggalikaan |
| universal serial bus | bas bersiri sejagat | bus beruntut semesta |
| university | universiti | universitas |
| until | sehingga (means 'thus' in Indonesian), sampai | hingga, sampai |
| update (n) | pengemaskinian, kemaskinian | pembaruan, pembaharuan, pemutakhiran (From Arabic مُتَأَخِّر), penginian |
| upload | muat naik | unggah (from Javanese) |
| USB flash drive | pemacu kilat USB | diska lepas USB, kandar kilas USB |
V
| English | (Malaysian) Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| vacation | cuti (means "leave" in Indonesian) | liburan, vakansi (from Dutch) (rare) |
| vacuum | hampagas, vakum | hampa udara, vakum |
| vacuum cleaner | pembersih vakum, pembersih hampagas | penyedot debu, pengisap debu |
| vagina | faraj (from Arabic الفرج, in Indonesian means "vulva"), pepek/pepet (slang) | vagina, alat kelamin perempuan, kemaluan perempuan, memek, pepek (slang, vulgar) |
| vandalism | laku musnah | vandalisme |
| variable (mathematics) | pemboleh ubah | variabel, peubah |
| Vatican City | Vatican City | (Kota) Vatikan |
| vegetable fat | lemak sayuran | lemak nabati (from Arabic, نباتي) |
| vegetable oil | minyak sayur | minyak sayur, minyak nabati (from Arabic, نباتي) |
| vehicle | kenderaan | kendaraan |
| Venice | Venice | Venesia (influenced by Dutch Venetië) |
| Venus (planet) | Zuhrah (from Arabic, الزهرة) | Venus (from Dutch) |
| Veneration | Penghormatan | Venerasi Pemujaan Penghormatan Orang Kudus |
| verb | kata kerja | kata kerja (influenced by Dutch werkwoord, lit. "work word"), verba |
| verification | pengesahan (means "validation" in Indonesian) | verifikasi |
| verdict | keputusan | putusan, vonis (from Dutch) |
| very | sangat, amat, sekali | sangat, amat, sekali, banget (from Javanese ngoko) |
| Venus | Zuhrah, Kejora (means "morning" in Indonesian) | Venus |
| Vesak | Hari Wesak | Waisak |
| vice (deputy) | naib (from Arabic, نائب) | wakil (from Arabic, وكيل), naib (less common) |
| victim | mangsa (from Sanskrit) in Indonesian means "prey" | korban (from Arabic) |
| Vienna | Vienna | Wina (influenced by Dutch Wenen) |
| violence | keganasan | kekerasan |
| violet (colour) | lembayung | violet, ungu, lembayung (rarely used) |
| virgin | (anak) dara, (anak) gadis, perawan | perawan (formal), gadis, (anak) dara |
| viscosity | kelikatan | viskositas, kekentalan |
| visit | lawatan, pelancongan | kunjungan, lawatan (to foreign country, an excursion), wisata, besuk (from Dutch bezoeken) (to someone sick) |
| visual arts | seni tampak, seni visual | seni rupa |
| vocational school | sekolah vokasional | sekolah menengah kejuruan (SMK), sekolah kejuruan, sekolah vokasi |
| volcanic ash | abu gunung berapi | abu vulkanik |
| volleyball | bola tampar | bola voli |
| volume (math) | isi padu | volume, ruang, isi |
| volumetric flask | kelalang volumetrik | labu takar, labu volumetrik |
| volunteering | kesukarelawanan | kesukarelawanan, kerelawanan |
| vote (v) | undi (means "lot" in Indonesian) | pilih, votum |
| voting | pengundian, pembuangan undi | pemungutan suara |
| voucher | baucar | voucer |
W
| English | (Malaysian) Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| want | mahu | mau, ingin |
| war crime | jenayah perang | kejahatan perang |
| ward | wad | bangsal |
| warden | warden, penjaga penjara | sipir (from Dutch cipier), penjaga penjara |
| Warsaw | Warsaw | Warsawa |
| watermelon | tembikai (from Tamil) | semangka |
| we | kami (exclusive), kita (inclusive), kitorang (colloquial) |
kami (exclusive), kita (inclusive), kita-kita (nonstandard) |
| weather balloon | belon kaji cuaca | balon cuaca |
| website | tapak web, tapak sesawang | situs web, laman web |
| weed | rumpai | gulma, rumput liar[109] |
| weekend | hujung minggu | akhir pekan, akhir minggu |
| welding | pengimpalan | pengelasan (from Dutch, lassen) |
| well (water hole) | perigi | sumur, perigi (rarely used) |
| West Bank | Tebing Barat | Tepi Barat |
| Western Wall | Tembok Meratap | Tembok Ratapan |
| wheat flour | tepung gandum | tepung terigu, tepung gandum |
| wheelchair | kerusi roda | kursi roda |
| when | bila (from Sanskrit), apabila (means "if" in Indonesian), ketika (from Sanskrit), bilamana (rarely used) | kapan (question word), ketika, saat (from Arabic, ساعة) (means "second" in Malay) |
| whip | sebat | cambuk, pecut |
| whipped cream | krim putar | krim kocok |
| wholesaling | pasar borong | grosir, perkulakan |
| wildfire | kebakaran liar | kebakaran hutan dan lahan (karhutla), kebakaran liar |
| window | tingkap, jendela | jendela (from Portuguese janela), tingkap (less common) |
| wine | wain | anggur (minuman) (from Classical Persian, انگور) |
| wind instrument | alat tiup | alat musik tiup |
| windscreen, windshield | cermin kereta | kaca depan (mobil) |
| windscreen wiper | pengelap cermin depan[110] | penyeka kaca, kipas kaca, pengusap kaca[111] |
| winged termite | kelekatu | laron |
| wire | dawai, wayar | kawat (e.g. copper wire), kabel (e.g. electrical wire, cable) |
| wireless | wayarles, tanpa wayar | nirkabel, tanpa kawat |
| wisdom tooth | gigi bongsu | gigi bungsu |
| wok | kuali | wajan, kuali |
| wonton | wantan | pangsit |
| woodwind instrument | alat tiup kayu | instrumen musik tiup kayu |
| wool | wul | wol |
| worcestershire sauce | sos worcestershire | kecap inggris |
| Worship | Sembah, Sembahyang | Sembahyang, Ibadah |
| wrestling | gusti (from Persian, کشتی) | gulat |
Y–Z
| English | (Malaysian) Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| yesterday | semalam (means "last night" in Indonesian) | kemarin (equivalent term in Malay is "kelmarin" means "day before yesterday") |
| you | anda (very formal) (from Indonesian), awak, kamu, kau, engkau, dikau, korang (you (plural)) (colloquial), you (slang) | Anda (everyday formal), kamu, kau (familiar only), kau, engkau, dikau (prose), kalian (you (plural)), lu, lo, elu (slang), pak, bu, kak, bang, dik, mas, mbak, etc. (greetings) |
| youth | belia (means "teenager" in Indonesian) | pemuda |
| zebra | kuda belang | zebra, kuda belang, kuda loreng |
| zebra crossing | lintasan belang | penyeberangan pejalan, penyeberangan belang |
| zero | sifar (from Arabic, صفر) | nol (from Dutch nul), kosong (colloquial) |
| zipper (fastener) | zip | ritsleting (from Dutch ritssluiting), resleting (nonstandard), kancing tarik |
| zone | zon | zona, kawasan, mintakat (from Arabic, منطقة) |
| zoo | zoo, taman haiwan (kebun binatang was also frequently used in Malaysia before the mid-1960s) | kebun binatang (bunbin) (derived from Dutch dierentuin, lit. "animal garden"), taman margasatwa (more formal form for zoological park) |
False friends
Besides vocabulary differences, there are also a number of false friends in both languages. As these words are in quite common use in either or both of the languages, misunderstandings can arise.
| Word | (Malaysian) Malay meaning | Indonesian meaning |
|---|---|---|
| acara | event |
|
| ahli |
|
expert in a specific field (the sense of member is dated in Indonesian, preserved in some compounds.) |
| akta (from Latino-Dutch acta) | act (= law) | act (= written legal document) |
| awak | you (casual) | me / I (Used by speakers from Sumatra mainly Malays, people in Medan, etc.), crew (of transportation) |
| baja | fertilizer | steel Malay: besi waja |
| banci | census (Indonesian: sensus) | effeminate, transvestite homosexual (negative connotation) |
| bandar | city | port |
| bandung | refers to something mixed with other ingredients or in pairs, such as the term "rumah berbandung" to refer to a semi-detached house, for example, "Mi bandung" which refers to a noodle dish mixed with various ingredients and "sirap bandung" which refers to a This drink is made by mixing sweetened condensed milk and rose syrup which gives it a pink color | Bandung (Indonesian city) |
| bangun | to develop/ wake up (from sleep) | to build / wake up (from sleep) |
| bapa | Father (male parent) | specific to 'Father' (God) in religious context (Christianity) our Father which art in Heaven = Bapa kami yang di surga Father in Indonesian is bapak (with an additional 'k' letter') |
| belanja | to treat, giving something for free | to shop (note: also carries this meaning in Malay, though in a context more akin to "spend"). |
| berbagi | to give | to share (something) |
| berbual | to chat | to tell a lie |
| bercinta | in (the essence of) love | to make love, have sexual intercourse |
| beredar | From the root word "edar" which can means; to oscillate (planets only), to leave, or to distribute | to oscillate, to distribute |
| berjaya | succeed, succeeded | successful, victorious |
| berlaku | happen, occur | apply |
| biji | seed | seed, testicles ("balls", offensive) |
| bila | when | if, when (older version, almost obsolete) |
| bina | to build | to develop |
| bisa | venom | can/be able to (also understood but less frequently used in Malay) (same as "boleh" in Malay), venom |
| bontot/buntut | buttock | tail ('ekor' as commonly used in Malay, sometimes in Indonesia) |
| budak | kid Indonesian:anak or bocah | slave |
| bunga api | firework | spark |
| butoh/butuh | male genitals, an offensive reference | need |
| cadangan | suggestion, opinion, proposal (example: peti cadangan = suggestion box) Indonesian:saran | reserve, spare (example: ban cadangan = spare tire) |
| comel | cute, pretty | (to call) someone who can not keep a secret (example: mulutnya comel = her mouth can't keep a secret) |
| daripada | A preposition that carries 5 meanings;
|
than (comparison) (example: Kamus ini lebih baik daripada yang itu = This dictionary is better than that one) |
| darurat | state of emergency | emergency not necessarily, state of emergency |
| daya | force | power |
| detik | jiffy | second |
| doktor | doctor (medical); doctorate (educational title) | doctorate (educational title) In Indonesian, the equivalent for medical doctor is dokter |
| duduk | to sit, a place to live on (only used informally) | to sit, to occupy |
| electronic mail (recently changed to "emel") | enamel | |
| gampang | bastard from 'anak gampang' lit. easy child. | easy (non-negative meaning) |
| getah | rubber, plant sap | plant sap |
| guru besar | principal, headteacher (of a school) | professor, senior lecturer or senior researcher (of a higher education institution) |
| hemat | moral excellence | frugal, pennywise, save money or something e.g. electricity, gas or water usage |
| ibu negara | capital city | First Lady |
| ibu pejabat | head office | wife of an official |
| jabatan | department | position |
| jawatan | position | department |
| jemput | to invite, to pick up | to pick up |
| jeruk | pickles/preserved fruits or vegetables | orange (fruit) |
| jimat | frugal, pennywise, save money or something e.g. electricity | amulet (the Malay equivalent is azimat) |
| kacak | handsome | ber-kacak pinggang (stands with hands on your hips) The Malay equivalent is bercekak-pinggang, a phrase to mean that a person is being bossy |
| kadar | rate | content, level |
| kakak | elder sister | elder sibling (either elder brother or sister) |
| kakitangan | employee | subordinate (with negative meaning) |
| kapan | or kafan: Muslim burial shroud (kain kafan/kapan) | when (kapan mau pulang? = when do you want to go home?) |
| karya | work of art (karyawan = artists) | to work (karyawan = workers) result of work Karya seni = work of art to create a piece of art. |
| kecemasan | emergency | anxiety; extremely anxious |
| kerajaan | government (historical association, most Malay states were governed by monarchs, from Raja = King, now refers to any kind of government) | kingdom |
| keranjang | 'bola keranjang' = basketball (no other use than for basketball) | basket |
| kereta | car | vehicle, carriage, cart (kereta api = train, kereta kuda = horse carriage/cart, kereta gantung = cable car) |
| kesal | regret Indonesian:sesal | annoyed |
| khidmat | service Indonesian: layanan | fully concentrate |
| koneksi | 'konek' = dick (slang/vulgar) | connection Malay: Sambungan |
| kopiah | taqiyah (cap) | songkok, peci |
| konfeksi | A soft solid made by incorporating a medicinal substance or substances with sugar, sirup, or honey | clothing industry, any fancy or luxurious women's clothes (Dutch: confectie. A non-standard spelling sometimes used is: "konveksi") |
| kontrol | control |
|
| kurun | century | a long (time) |
| lucu | funny | funny, cute (slang) |
| mangsa | victim | prey (for animal) |
| mengacau | to disturb, to stir Indonesian: mengaduk | to disturb |
| olahraga | athletics (sport) | sport |
| operasi | mathematic operational symbol, tactical operation | mathematic operational symbol, police operation, operation/surgery (as in Dutch) |
| pajak | to mortgage, pawn | tax |
| paket | packet | packet, package (normally used for promotion purposes, as in Dutch) |
| pantas | speedily | appropriate, 'no wonder' |
| pantat | buttock (Sabahan Malay meaning), vagina/pussy (slang/vulgar) | buttock |
| pegawai | high-rank officer/officials | officials |
| pelan | plan (associated with architectural work, site map etc. only) | slow (perlahan in Malay) |
| penyelenggaraan | maintenance | organizing |
| pejabat | office | high-rank officer/officials (those who hold office, Malay (pegawai)) |
| pembangkang | opposition | rebel (noun), insurgent |
| pemerintah | ruler | government |
| pengacara | master of ceremonies, host Indonesian: pembawa acara |
lawyer |
| pengajian | studies Indonesian: pelajaran | mass recitation of Qur'an, (Islamic) teaching |
| penganjur | organizer | promoter |
| percuma | free of charge percuma can also mean free of charge in Indonesian, but its usage has become obsolete, replaced by cuma-cuma/gratis (taken from Dutch: gratis = free) | useless, not needed, vain |
| perhubungan | 1. connection 2. communication |
1. connection 2. transportation |
| petang | afternoon | evening |
| piawai | standard; correct bahasa piawai = standard language | expert; skillful (on something) |
| pijat | bugs (software bugs i.e. Year 2000 bug and also commonly referring to the bed bugs) | massage Javanese pijet |
| pohon | tree, to plea or to beg (from basic word: "mohon") | tree |
| pokok | tree | essential, basic, main kebutuhan pokok = essential necessities |
| polis | police | (insurance) policy (as in Dutch) |
| polisi | policy | police (as in Dutch) |
| pontianak | kuntilanak | Pontianak (Indonesian city) |
| prestasi | performance | accomplishment, achievement |
| punggung | buttock | back Malay: belakang |
| pupuk | to nurture | fertilizer (also means 'to nurture' in the metaphorical sense of the word) |
| pusing | to go around a place, circular in motion, to spin/rotate Indonesian: putar | dizzy, confused, headache |
| putera | prince (Indonesian: Pangeran | son |
| rambut | hair (for head only) | hair |
| rayuan | appeal (neutral) | flattery, seduction (emotional or sexual connotation) |
| saat | second | jiffy |
| sarjana | master's degree | bachelor's degree |
| sederhana | medium, normal | simple, easy |
| semalam | yesterday; last night | last night |
| senang | easy | happy, relax |
| seronok | good, enjoyable Indonesian: seru | false thoughts from : tak senonoh > seronok, in nonstandard usage: "impolite", "pornography-related"[112][113] gambar seronok (gambar tak senonoh) = porn picture |
| sulit | confidential, difficult | difficult |
| tambang | fare Indonesian: tarif | mine, rope (as tali tambang) |
| tandas | toilet | to explain, to finish |
| tren | train (transportation) | trend (data patterns and forecasting) |
| undang-undang | law |
|
| wakil | representative | vice (for example, 'vice chancellor' and 'vice president'), representative |
| wayang | movie | a traditional performing art native to Indonesia that originated and developed rapidly on the islands of Java and Bali. |
Spelling differences
| English | (Malaysian) Malay | Indonesian |
|---|---|---|
| account | akaun | akun |
| accountability | akauntabliti | akuntabilitas |
| accountant | akauntan | akuntan |
| activity | aktiviti | aktivitas |
| amateur | amatur | amatir |
| amulet | azimat | jimat |
| animal | haiwan | hewan |
| answer | jawapan | jawaban |
| architect | arkitek | arsitek |
| archive | arkib | arsip |
| armed forces | tentera | tentara |
| astonished | hairan | heran |
| atmosphere | atmosfera | atmosfer |
| auction | lelong | lelang |
| August | Ogos | Agustus |
| autonomy | autonomi | otonomi |
| avocado | avokado | alpukat |
| aware | sedar | sadar |
| axiom | aksiom | aksioma |
| bacteria | bakteria | bakteri |
| balloon | belon | balon |
| balcony | balkoni | balkon |
| banner | sepanduk | spanduk |
| baseball | besbol | bisbol |
| battery | bateri | baterai |
| Belgium | Belgium | Belgia |
| bell | loceng | lonceng |
| because (grammatical conjunction) | kerana | karena |
| biome | biom | bioma |
| blouse | blaus | blus |
| bounty | kurnia | karunia |
| breath | nafas | napas |
| bridge | jambatan | jembatan |
| Britain | Britain | Britania |
| broken, damaged | rosak | rusak |
| budget | bajet | bujet |
| business | bisnes | bisnis |
| bus | bas | bus |
| calendar | kalendar | kalender |
| Cambodia | Kemboja | Kamboja |
| camp | kem | kamp |
| campaign | kempen | kampanye |
| cancer (diseases) | kanser | kanker |
| card | kad | kartu |
| case (legal) | kes | kasus |
| cataloguer | pengkatalog | pengatalog |
| cement | simen | semen |
| centaur | sentora | sentaurus |
| ceramic | seramik | keramik |
| chair | kerusi | kursi |
| chancellor | canselor | kanselir |
| chandelier | candelier | kandelir |
| chimpanzee | cimpanzi | simpanse |
| chocolate | coklat | cokelat |
| chips | kerepek | keripik |
| Christianity | Kristian | Kristen |
| circus | sarkas | sirkus |
| civil | sivil | sipil |
| clinical | klinikal | klinis |
| clothes iron | seterika | setrika |
| club | kelab | klub |
| cocoa | koko | kakao |
| code | kod | kode |
| college | kolej | kolese |
| come on | ayuh | ayo |
| community | komuniti | komunitas |
| compound (adj) | majmuk | majemuk |
| concert | konsert | konser |
| container | kontena | kontainer |
| contemporary | kontemporari | kontemporer |
| convention | konvensyen | konvensi |
| counselling | kaunseling | konseling |
| counter | kaunter | konter |
| crackers | keropok | kerupuk |
| critical | kritikal | kritis |
| cupboard | almari | lemari |
| decade | dekad | dekade |
| December | Disember | Desember |
| decree | dekri | dekret |
| delicious | lazat | lezat |
| diarrhea | diarea | diare |
| different | beza | beda |
| dignity | maruah | muruah |
| dinosaur | dinosaur | dinosaurus |
| discount | diskaun | diskon |
| doctor (medical practitioner) | doktor | dokter |
| documentary | dokumentari | dokumenter |
| dose | dos | dosis |
| dozen | dozen | lusin |
| eagle | helang | elang |
| Eid al-Adha | Aidiladha | Iduladha |
| Eid al-Fitr | Aidilfitri | Idulfitri |
| eight | lapan | delapan |
| electricity | elektrik | listrik |
| England | Inggeris | Inggris |
| episode | episod | episode |
| Europe | Eropah | Eropa |
| exhibitor | pempamer | pemamer |
| export | eksport | ekspor |
| facility | fasiliti | fasilitas |
| faculty | fakulti | fakultas |
| fiction | fiksyen | fiksi |
| film | filem | film |
| finance | kewangan | keuangan |
| Finland | Finland | Finlandia |
| France | Perancis | Prancis |
| Friday | Jumaat | Jumat |
| gallon | gelen | galon |
| garage | garaj | garasi |
| general officer | jeneral | jenderal |
| genocide | genosid | genosida |
| giraffe | zirafah | jerapah |
| glacier | glasier | gletser |
| glossary | glosari | glosarium |
| gonorrhea | gonorea | gonore |
| governor | gabenor | gubernur |
| gravity | graviti | gravitasi |
| guerrilla | gerila | gerilya |
| gun | senapang | senapan |
| healthy | sihat | sehat |
| heaven | syurga | surga |
| hello | helo | halo |
| hygiene | higin | higiene |
| hymn | him | himne |
| ice | ais | es |
| idea | idea | ide |
| identity | identiti | identitas |
| immigration | imigresen | imigrasi |
| impact | impak | dampak |
| import | import | impor |
| installment (payment) | ansuran | angsuran |
| insurance | insurans | asuransi |
| Ireland | Ireland | Irlandia |
| Italy | Itali | Italia |
| Japan | Jepun | Jepang |
| Jordan | Jordan | Yordania |
| July | Julai | Juli |
| June | Jun | Juni |
| kangaroo | kanggaru | kanguru |
| launching | pelancaran | peluncuran |
| license | lesen | lisensi |
| lieutenant, leftenant | leftenan | letnan |
| literature | sastera | sastra |
| logic | logik | logika |
| lotion | losyen | losion |
| mathematics | matematik | matematika |
| magistrate | majistret | magistrat |
| major (rank) | mejar | mayor |
| majority | majoriti | mayoritas |
| March | Mac | Maret |
| margarine | marjerin | margarin |
| marry | kahwin | kawin |
| meaning | erti | arti |
| medication | ubat | obat |
| minority | minoriti | minoritas |
| minute | minit | menit |
| Monday | Isnin | Senin |
| money | wang | uang |
| museum | muzium | museum |
| music | muzik | musik |
| namely, e.g. | iaitu | yaitu |
| new | baharu | baru |
| news | khabar | kabar |
| newspaper | surat khabar | surat kabar |
| number | nombor | nomor |
| obligation | kewajipan | kewajiban |
| official (adj.) | rasmi | resmi |
| official position | jawatan | jabatan |
| Olympic | Olimpik | Olimpiade |
| only | sahaja | saja |
| option | opsyen | opsi |
| optional | opsyenal | opsional |
| orchid | anggerik | anggrek |
| Palestine | Palestin | Palestina |
| parliament | parlimen | parlemen |
| parsley | pasli | peterseli |
| part | bahagian | bagian |
| partner | rakan | rekan |
| party (political) | parti | partai |
| passport | pasport | paspor |
| pencil | pensel | pensil |
| pension | pencen | pensiun |
| petition | petisyen | petisi |
| phase | fasa | fase |
| physics | fizik | fisika |
| police | polis | polisi |
| popular | popular | populer |
| pound (mass) | paun | pon |
| prestige | prestij | prestise |
| princess | puteri | putri |
| priority | prioriti | prioritas |
| processor | pemproses | pemroses |
| prototype | prototaip | prototipe |
| punishment (divine) | seksa | siksa |
| quality | kualiti | kualitas |
| quantity | kuantiti | kuantitas |
| recipe | resipi | resep |
| record (v) | rakam | rekam |
| record (superlative) | rekod | rekor |
| regime | rejim | rezim |
| regiment | rejimen | resimen |
| rob | rompak | rampok |
| rugby | ragbi | rugbi |
| sabotage | sabotaj | sabotase |
| saboteur | pensabotaj | penyabotase |
| sauce | sos | saus |
| sausage | sosej | sosis |
| scenario | senario | skenario |
| schedule | jadual | jadwal |
| scheme | skim | skema |
| screw | skru | sekrup |
| secret | rahsia | rahasia |
| shampoo | syampu | sampo |
| shark | yu | hiu |
| snow | salji | salju |
| soy sauce | kicap | kecap |
| Spain | Sepanyol | Spanyol |
| sputum | kahak | dahak |
| stadium | stadium | stadion |
| station | stesen | stasiun |
| steak | stik | steik |
| steam, vapor | wap | uap |
| stereotype | stereotaip | stereotipe |
| strawberry | strawberi | stroberi |
| Sun | suria | surya |
| Sweden | Sweden | Swedia |
| tattoo | tatu | tato |
| taxi | teksi | taksi |
| technical | teknikal | teknis |
| television | televisyen | televisi |
| tempo | tempoh | tempo |
| thin | nipis | tipis |
| think | fikir | pikir |
| Thursday | Khamis | Kamis |
| tofu | tauhu | tahu |
| tomato | tomato | tomat |
| ton | tan | ton |
| tragic | tragik | tragis |
| translator | penterjemah | penerjemah |
| truck, lorry | trak | truk |
| try | cuba | coba |
| understand | faham | paham |
| United States | Amerika Syarikat | Amerika Serikat |
| university | universiti | universitas |
| unseen | ghaib | gaib |
| vape | vap | vape |
| vase | pasu | vas |
| vehicle | kenderaan | kendaraan |
| velvet | baldu | beludru |
| voucher | baucar | voucer |
| want | mahu | mau |
| wife | isteri | istri |
| worry | khuatir | khawatir |
| youngest | bongsu | bungsu |
| zone | zon | zona |
Syllabification
| Word | (Malaysian) Malay syllabification | Indonesian syllabification |
|---|---|---|
| start | mu la i | mu lai |
| weather | cua ca | cu a ca |
Influence from English
One of the most important aspect in differences between Malay (Malaysian and Brunei) and Indonesian is the degree of influence from English. Apart from being heavily influenced by the Dutch language, the Indonesian language also adopted a significant number of English loanwords in its vocabulary, although English did not play significant role on the Indonesian language and in fact most of these vocabulary are of Dutch origin – Dutch and English share a similar Germanic origin, and Dutch has also borrowed from Latin, although to a lesser extent than English. There have been many changes in Indonesian as a result of its historical development. Words have been freely borrowed from English and only partly assimilated, in many cases, to the Indonesian patterns of structure.[114]
By the late 1970s, English words began pouring into the language, leading one commentator, writing in 1977, to refer to the "trend towards Indo-Saxonization",[115] known in Indonesian as pengindosaksonan. Many loanwords from English sometimes fulfill no communicative need, expressing concepts adequately covered by existing words. Among the examples are: akurat instead of tepat (accurate, Dutch accuraat), aliansi in the place of sekutu (alliance, Dutch alliantie), eksis rather than ada (exist), kandidat as well as calon (candidate, Dutch kandidaat), konklusi instead of kesimpulan (conclusion, Dutch conclusie), kontaminasi in the place of pencemaran (contamination, Dutch contaminatie), opini rather than pendapat (opinion, Dutch opinie) and opsi in the place of pilihan (option, Dutch optie).[116] However, these pengindosaksonan is not directly borrowed from English, but through their cognates in Dutch pronunciations as Pedoman Umum Pembentukan Istilah is heavily influenced by Dutch pronunciation.
Example
The original text in Indonesian:
- [117] Apabila peraturan pakta stabilitas Eropa dihormati sampai ke detailnya, rasio utang publik dibanding produk domestik bruto pada hari krisis akan berada di posisi 10 persentase poin kurang dalam zona euro, katanya.
The same text rendered in Malay (Malaysian and Brunei):
- Jika peraturan pakatan kestabilan Eropah dihormati secara terperinci, nisbah hutang awam berbanding keluaran dalam negara kasar pada zaman krisis akan berada di kedudukan 10 mata peratusan kurang dalam zon euro, kata beliau.
English translation:
- If the European stability pact rules had been respected in detail, the ratio of public debt to gross domestic product on the days of crisis would have been at the position 10 percentage points less in the eurozone, he said.
Convergence of vocabulary
The rift of evolution between the two languages is based more on political nuance and the history of their formation than on cultural reasons. As a result, views regarding each other's languages differ amongst Malaysians and Indonesians. In Malaysia, the national language is Malay; in Indonesia, it is Indonesian. Malaysians tend to assert that Malay and Indonesian are merely different varieties of the same language, while Indonesians tend to treat them as separate – albeit closely related – languages. The result of this attitude is that the Indonesians feel little need to synchronize their language with Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, whereas the Malaysians are keener to coordinate the evolution of the language with the Indonesians.[118] However, both parties have realized that communication benefits from mutually comprehensible and intelligible languages, which motivated efforts to synchronize the languages' development. The effort to synchronize both languages' evolution to increase their mutual intelligibility has been embarked by imposing standard rules of language. This process is headed by Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa on the Indonesian side and Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka as its Malaysian counterpart. Authorities in both Brunei and Singapore generally abide by the Malaysian standard in disputes.
Sample
The following texts are excerpts from the official translations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Indonesian and Malay (Malaysian and Brunei), along with the original declaration in English.
- Indonesian text sample:[119]
- Maka,
- Majelis Umum memproklamasikan
- PERNYATAAN UMUM TENTANG HAK ASASI MANUSIA sebagai satu standar umum keberhasilan untuk semua bangsa dan negara, dengan tujuan agar setiap orang dan setiap badan dalam masyarakat dengan senantiasa mengingat Pernyataan ini, akan berusaha dengan jalan mengajar dan mendidik untuk menggalakkan penghargaan terhadap hak-hak dan kebebasan-kebebasan tersebut, dan dengan jalan tindakan-tindakan progresif yang bersifat nasional maupun internasional, menjamin pengakuan dan penghormatannya secara universal dan efektif, baik oleh bangsa-bangsa dari negara anggota sendiri maupun oleh bangsa-bangsa dari daerah-daerah yang berada di bawah kekuasaan hukum mereka.
- Pasal 1
- Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.
- Pasal 1
- Malay (Malaysian and Brunei) text sample:[120]
- Maka dengan ini,
- Perhimpunan Agung mengisytiharkan
- PERISYTIHARAN SEJAGAT HAK ASASI MANUSIA ini sebagai suatu ukuran bersama terhadap pencapaian oleh seluruh umat manusia dan kesemua negara dengan tujuan supaya setiap individu dan setiap badan masyarakat, dengan sentiasa mengingati Perisytiharan ini, hendaklah berazam melalui pengajaran dan pendidikan bagi memajukan sanjungan terhadap seluruh hak-hak dan kebebasan ini dan secara langkah-langkah berperingkat-peringkat, di bidang negara dan antarabangsa, bagi menjaminkan pengkitirafan dan pematuhan sejagatnya yang berkesan, kedua-duanya di antara negara-negara anggota masing-masing dan rakyat wilayah-wilayah di bawah bidang kuasa mereka.
- Perkara 1.
- Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan samarata dari segi kemuliaan dan hak-hak. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bertindak di antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan.
- Perkara 1.
- The original English version of the text:[121]
- Now, therefore,
- the General Assembly proclaims
- this UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.
- Article 1
- All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
- Article 1
See also
References
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- ↑ Clark, Marshall; Pietsch, Juliet (26 March 2014). Indonesia-Malaysia Relations: Cultural Heritage, Politics and Labour Migration. Routledge. ISBN 9781317808886.
- ↑ Ahmad, Ibrahim (2011). Kesenjangan leksikal bahasa Melayu Malaysia dan bahasa Indonesia (in Malay). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. ISBN 9789834605209.
- ↑ Hafriza Burhanudeen; Nor Zakiah Abdul Hamid; Norsimah Mat Awal; Mohd Azlan Mis. "The Reality of Bahasa Melayu and Bahasa Indonesia in Academia" (PDF). The International Journal of Language Society and Culture. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
- ↑ Teeuw, A. (17 April 2013). A Critical Survey of Studies on Malay and Bahasa Indonesia: Bibliographical. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9789401187886.
- ↑ Makihara, Miki; Schieffelin, Bambi B. (27 September 2007). Consequences of Contact: Language Ideologies and Sociocultural Transformations in Pacific Societies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190295936.
- ↑ Fairy Mahzan. "The Wonderful World of Subtitling". MyIndo.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
- ↑ "Hore, MNCTV Tayangkan Film Terbaru Upin Ipin". SINDOnews.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 February 2018.
- ↑ DiPiazza, Francesca (1 January 2006). Malaysia in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 42. ISBN 9780822526742.
- ↑ M.H., Wahyudi, S. Kep, Ns; M.Pd, Bivit Anggoro Prasetyo Nugroho, S. Pd; M.Pd, Dra Isnaeni Praptanti. Bahasa Indonesia Kesehatan (in Indonesian). Penerbit Andi. ISBN 9789792963014.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia. Marshall Cavendish. 2007. ISBN 9780761476436.
- ↑ Simpson, Andrew (30 August 2007). Language and National Identity in Asia. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191533082.
- ↑ Bertacco, Simona (17 December 2013). Language and Translation in Postcolonial Literatures: Multilingual Contexts, Translational Texts. Routledge. ISBN 9781135136390.
- ↑ Bahasa Melayu becomes Bahasa Malaysia again, Lim Kit Siang, 6 June 2007
- ↑ Dasgupta, Jyotirindra (1970). Language Conflict and National Development: Group Politics and National Language Policy in India. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520015906.
- ↑ Perambahan: A unique feature of Brunei Malay Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Brunei Times, 4 August 2010
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- ↑ "Daftar Bahasa-bahasa Daerah di Indonesia". labbineka.kemdikbud.go.id. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
- ↑ PELBBA 17: Pertemuan Linguistik Pusat Kajian Bahasa dan Budaya Atma Jaya Ketujuh Belas (in Indonesian). Yayasan Obor Indonesia. 2004. ISBN 9789794615270.
- ↑ Indonesia, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan (1968). Masyarakat Indonesia (in Indonesian). Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
- ↑ Lee Kuan Yew (2000). From Third World to First. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish.
- ↑ Afendras, Evangelos A.; Kuo, Eddie C.Y. (1980). Language and society in Singapore. Singapore University Press. ISBN 978-9971-69-016-8. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
- ↑ Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J. (2006). Sociolinguistics: An international handbook of the science of language and society. Vol. 3. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
- ↑ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Act (Cap. 296, 1985 Rev. Ed.)
- ↑ "Literacy and Language" (PDF). Singapore Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
- ↑ Cook, Vivian; Bassetti, Benedetta (2005). Second Language Writing Systems. Multilingual Matters. p. 359. ISBN 978-1-85359-793-0.
- ↑ "Update Change of Name in IC". Immigration and Checkpoints Authority. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
- ↑ Sebba, Mark (2007). Spelling and Society: The Culture and Politics of Orthography Around the World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139462020.
- ↑ Sneddon, James N. (2003). The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society. UNSW Press. ISBN 9780868405988.
- ↑ Genetti, Carol (23 January 2014). How Languages Work: An Introduction to Language and Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521767446.
- 1 2 Jones, Russell (2007). Loan-Words in Indonesian and Malay. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. ISBN 9786024331740.
- ↑ Istri Djoko Disebut Beli Rumah Rp 7,1 Miliar, Kompas, 14 June 2013
- ↑ 58 IBO berpotensi jana RM1.9b, Utusan Melayu, 6 June 2013
- ↑ "Glossary of IT and Computer Terms: English-Indonesian-Malay". Kindle KDP Amazon Publishing, 2023, Hary Gunarto. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
- ↑ Kluge, Angela (8 July 2016). A grammar of Papuan Malay. Language Science Press. ISBN 9783944675862.
- ↑ Velupillai, Viveka (15 April 2015). Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages: An Introduction. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 9789027268846.
- ↑ Ammon, Ulrich; Hellinger, Marlis (1992). Status Change of Languages. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110126686.
- ↑ Salleh (27 August 2015). Haji, Muhammad (ed.). Early History of Penang (Penerbit USM). Penerbit USM. ISBN 9789838616577.
- ↑ Abu Bakar, Mukhlis (18 December 2019). "Sebutan Johor-Riau dan Sebutan Baku dalam Konteks Identiti Masyarakat Melayu Singapura". Issues in Language Studies. 8 (2). doi:10.33736/ils.1521.2019. ISSN 2180-2726. S2CID 213343934.
- ↑ Amat Juhari Moain (2009). Sejarah Perancangan Bahasa Melayu di Negeri Johor. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. ISBN 9789836297914.
- ↑ Corbell, Jean-Claude; Archambault, Ariane (2007). The Visual Dictionary with Definitions (in Indonesian) (1st ed.). Jakarta, Indonesia: PT Buana Ilmu Populer. p. 730. ISBN 978-979-798-332-1.
- ↑ "Bakul - Pencarian Teks - Alkitab SABDA".
- 1 2 "bath-tub". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Kamus Visual 4 Bahasa (Indonesia-Inggris-Jerman-Mandarin) (in Indonesian) (1st ed.). Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga. 2009. ISBN 978-979-075-054-8.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ↑ "briefcase". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
- ↑ "briefcase". Google Terjemahan. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
- 1 2 Corbell, Jean-Claude; Archambault, Ariane (2007). the Visual Dictionary with Definitions (in Indonesian) (1st ed.). Jakarta: PT. Bhuana Ilmu Populer. p. 558. ISBN 978-979-798-332-1.
- ↑ Idzhar, Syarqawi. Canvas Kereta | Kain Penutup kereta harga Mur Mur... Car cover. Retrieved 15 February 2023 – via YouTube.
- ↑ http://dictionary.bhanot.net/
- ↑ "Carian Umum".
- ↑ "Hasil Pencarian - KBBI Daring".
- 1 2 "circular saw". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
- ↑ "TAGIHAN - Translation in English - bab.la".
- 1 2 3 Corbell, Jean-Claude; Archambault, Ariane (2007). The Visual Dictionary with Definitions (in Indonesian) (1st ed.). Jakarta: PT. Bhuana Ilmu Populer. p. 556. ISBN 978-979-798-332-1.
- ↑ "APA ITU KLAC (Clutch)?, Tejknik Dan Penggunaan". PPC AMSA MARKETING. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
- ↑ Sources: various Malaysian coin internet collectors forums
- ↑ "convertible". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
- 1 2 Corbell, Jean-Claude; Archambault, Ariane (2007). The Visual Dictionary with Definitions (in Indonesian) (1st ed.). Jakarta, Indonesia: PT. Bhuana Ilmu Populer. p. 549. ISBN 978-979-798-332-1.
- 1 2 Corbell, Jean-Claude; Archambault, Ariane (2007). The Visual Dictionary with Definitions (in Indonesian) (1st ed.). Jakarta, Indonesia: PT. Bhuana Ilmu Populer. p. 224. ISBN 978-979-798-332-1.
- ↑ "tudung dapur". Google Terjemahan. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
- ↑ "double-decker". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
- 1 2 "dustpan". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- ↑ "dust pan". Google Terjemahan. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- 1 2 Corbell, Jean-Claude; Archambault, Ariane (2007). The Visual Dictionary with Definitions (1st ed.). Jakarta: PT. Bhuana Ilmu Populer. p. 295. ISBN 978-979-798-332-1.
- ↑ Siti Nurhaliza song name : "Sesuci Lebaran"
- ↑ "Kronologi darurat di Malaysia". Berita Harian. 12 January 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
- ↑ "file". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- ↑ "fail". KBBI Daring. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- ↑ "floating rib". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ↑ Manis, Si (19 September 2022). "Pengertian Tulang Rusuk : Letak, Fungsi, Jumlah, Struktur Bagian dan Jenis Tulang Rusuk Pada Manusia". Pelajaran. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ↑ "pasu". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
- ↑ "pot". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
- ↑ "flowerpot". Google Translate. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
- ↑ "Apa gunanya lampu kabus?". interpretZZ. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- ↑ "fog lamp". Google Terjemahan. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- ↑ Pamungkas, Septian (20 January 2020). "Begini Cara Memilih Lampu Kabut Berkualitas". Liputan6. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- ↑ "footpath". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
- ↑ "guinea pig". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
- ↑ "marmot". Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa; Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia. Archived from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
- ↑ "tikus belanda". Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa; Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia. Archived from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
- ↑ "headphone". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- ↑ "Hasil Pencarian - KBBI Daring". kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
- ↑ "jigsaw". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
- ↑ "jigsaw". Google Terjemahan. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
- ↑ "keyboard". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- ↑ Corbell, Jean-Claude; Archambault, Ariane (2007). The Visual Dictionary with Definitions (in Indonesian) (1st ed.). Jakarta: PT. Bhuana Ilmu populer. p. 514. ISBN 978-979-798-332-1.
- ↑ "kibor". KBBI Daring. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- ↑ "laptop computer". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
- ↑ "elevator". Google Terjemahan. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
- ↑ "measuring cup". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- ↑ "Apa yang Kamu Tahu tentang Gelas Ukur?". Kelas Pintar. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- ↑ travel.kompas.com. "Malaysia Diberi Julukan Negeri Jiran, Apa Artinya?". travel.kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 22 February 2023.
- ↑ "akhbar". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- 1 2 "notebook computer". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
- 1 2 3 4 "rake". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- 1 2 Kamus Visual (in Indonesian). Jakarta. 2005.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ "rat". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
- 1 2 M. Echols, John; Shadily, Hassan (1989). Kamus Indonesia-Inggris (in Icelandic and English) (3rd ed.). Jakarta: Gramedia. ISBN 978-979-403-756-0.
- ↑ "rearview mirror". Google Terjemahan. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
- ↑ "reversing light". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- 1 2 Corbell, Jean-Claude; Archambault, Ariane (2007). The Visual Dictionary with Definitions (in Indonesian) (1st ed.). Jakarta: PT. Bhuana Ilmu Populer. p. 554. ISBN 978-979-798-332-1.
- ↑ Corbell, Jean-Claude (2007). The Visual Dictionary with Definitions (in Indonesian) (1st ed.). Jakarta: PT. Bhuana Ilmu Populer. p. 555. ISBN 978-979-798-332-1.
- 1 2 "side marker light". Google Terjemahan. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- ↑ "singki". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
- ↑ Corbell, Jean-Claude; Archambault, Ariane (2007). The Visual Dictionary with Definitions (in Indonesian) (1st ed.). Jakarta: PT. Bhuana Ilmu Populer. p. 920. ISBN 978-979-798-332-1.
- ↑ "soccer table". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
- ↑ "spinal column". National Cancer Institute. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ↑ "swivel chair". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- ↑ "rumput liar". Google Translate. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ↑ "windscreen-wiper". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- ↑ Corbell, Jean-Claude (2007). The Visual Dictionary with Definitions (in Indonesian) (557 ed.). Jakarta: PT. Bhuana Ilmu Populer. p. 557. ISBN 978-979-798-332-1.
- ↑ Balai Bahasa Jawa Tengah
- ↑ Hasil Pencarian – KBBI Daring
- ↑ Roderick Ross Macdonald (1976). Indonesian reference grammar. Georgetown, USA: Georgetown University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780878401635.
- ↑ The Indonesian Quarterly, Yayasan Proklamasi, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, 1977 Volume 5, Issues 1–3, page 76
- ↑ Seong Chee Tham (1991). A Study of the Evolution of the Malay Language: Social Change and Cognitive Development. Singapore: Singapore University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-9971691363.
- ↑ Antara News – Draghi: Krisis Zona Euro Berisiko "Sistemik"
- ↑ "Who is Malay?". July 2005. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
- ↑ "Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia" [Universal Declaration of Human Rights]. OHCHR (in Indonesian).
- ↑ Haris Maulana, Abdul (12 June 2022). "5 Hal yang Perlu Dipikirkan Sebelum Membeli Mesin Pencuci Piring". Kompas (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
- ↑ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights: English". OHCHR.
External links
- Haji Omar, Asmah (1989). "The Malay Spelling Reform". Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society: 9–13. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 2 November 2006.
- Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. 2008. Pusat Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional
- Regina Pasys, "Ternyata 4 Negara Ini Mempunya Bahasa yang Mirip dengan Bahasa Indonesia, Sudah Tahu?", Grid Kids, https://kids.grid.id/read/472255841/keren-ternyata-4-negara-ini-mempunya-bahasa-yang-mirip-dengan-bahasa-indonesia-sudah-tahu?page=all
- Senarai komprehensif perbezaan ejaan Malaysia dan ejaan Indonesia, Hiroki Nomoto, Nahoko Yamashita, Ayano Osaka (orthographic differences between Standard Malay and Indonesian)
- convection era
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